lecture 1-9

Question 1

who was Wilhelm Wundt?

Answer 1

founder of experimental psychology

from Germany

Question 2

what is voluntarism?

Answer 2

the idea that everybody has free will and the power to make their own decisions

Question 3

who created structuralism?

Answer 3

Edward Tichener

Question 4

who created functionalism?

Answer 4

William James

Question 5

scientific theories must be

Answer 5

1. testable
2. falsifiable
3. parsimonious

Question 6

what is intergroup contact therapy?

Answer 6

positive intergroup contact can reduce prejudice

Question 7

what is the only type of method that can proves causation

Answer 7

experiments

Question 8

problems with correlational studies?

Answer 8

directionality problem; does A affect B or vice versa

third-variable problem; is there a third variable that hasn’t been considered but is affecting the final conclusion

Question 9

what is a confounding variable?

Answer 9

anything that may unintentionally vary along with the independent variable

Question 10

what does WEIRD stand for?

Answer 10

western
educated individuals
industrialized
rich
democratic nations

Question 11

how to think critically for research claims

Answer 11

what was actually measured
who were the participants
are they justified

Question 12

what are the two main components of the nervous system

Answer 12

central and peripheral

Question 13

what are the two main components of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 13

somatic and autonomic

Question 14

what are the two main components of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 14

sympathetic and parasympatheic

Question 15

what are the types of neurons

Answer 15

sensory neurones
motor neurones
interneurones

Question 16

afferent neurones are

Answer 16

sensory neurones

Question 17

efferent neurones are

Answer 17

motor neurones

Question 18

what are nodes of ranvier

Answer 18

spots between the myelin on the axon

Question 19

schwann cells are

Answer 19

a type of glial cell

Question 20

all or none principle

Answer 20

a neurone fires with the same potency every time

Question 21

at rest, neurones are

Answer 21

polarized

negative

Question 22

what charged elements are inside the cells

Answer 22

Na+

K-

Question 23

four f’s of the hypothalamus

Answer 23

fighting
feeding
fleeing
fornicating

Question 24

lobes of the brain

Answer 24

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

Question 25

brain plasticity

Answer 25

the brain’s ability to be changed or reorganized as a result of experience, drugs, or injury

Question 26

how does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for action

Answer 26

dilates pupils
relaxes bronchi
accelerates 7 strengthens heartbeat
contracts blood vessels
inhibits digestion

Question 27

what does the endocrine system use and what does the nervous system use

Answer 27

endocrine: hormones
nervous: electrochemical signals

Question 28

order of sensation (besides smell)

Answer 28

thalamus before being referred to the correct lobe

Question 29

what is contralateral organization

Answer 29

the phenomenon that sensations from the right side of the body are processed in the left brain hemisphere and vice versa

Question 30

nocireceptors

Answer 30

pain receptors

Question 31

myelinated (A delta) fibres

Answer 31

sharp, immediate pain

protection

Question 32

lightly/non-myelinated (C delta) fibres

Answer 32

dull, steady pain

recuperation

Question 33

what are the two types of processing streams from the primary visual cortex

Answer 33

dorsal and ventral

Question 34

what is the dorsal stream specialized for

Answer 34

spatial perception
where things are in relation to others
a parietal stream

Question 35

what is the ventral stream specialized for

Answer 35

perception and recognition of objects
e.g. colour and shapes
a temporal stream

Question 36

short wavelengths are

Answer 36

blue

Question 37

medium wavelengths are

Answer 37

green

Question 38

long wavelengths are

Answer 38

red

Question 39

the three opposing pairs are

Answer 39

black/white
red/green
blue/yellow

Question 40

figure ground relationship

Answer 40

whatever is not the focus of the visual field is assigned to the background

Question 41

proximity

Answer 41

the closet two figures are, the more likely we are to group them together and see them as being part of the same object

Question 42

similarity

Answer 42

we tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble one another

Question 43

continuation

Answer 43

we tend to interpret intersecting lines as continuous rather than as changing directions radically

Question 44

closure

Answer 44

we tend to complete figures that have gaps

Question 45

illusory contours

Answer 45

we tend to perceive contours, even when they don’t exist

Question 46

the sally-anne task determines

Answer 46

whether a child has theory of mind yet

Question 47

Jean Piaget created

Answer 47

the stages of cognitive development

Question 48

what are the stages of cognitive development and their ages

Answer 48

sensorimotor - 0 to 2
pre-operational - 2 to 7
concrete operational - 7 to 11
formal operational stage - 11+

Question 49

Lev Vygotsky created

Answer 49

theory of child development with regards to the zone of proximal development and scaffolding

Question 50

the zones of proximal development are

Answer 50

things the learner can do
things the learner can’t do
things the learner can do with assistance

Question 51

scaffolding is

Answer 51

a type of learning where a teacher works through a problem before allowing the learner to attempt it, and being of assistance when needed

Question 52

how do we know what infants know

Answer 52

preferential looking technique (if they look interested/disinterested and the amount of time spent looking at the object)
habituation/orienting reflex (if they are surprised/interested when things challenge our previous beliefs)

Question 53

when does a second period of overproduction occur

Answer 53

just before adolescence, followed by a decade of pruning