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Mammography > Part III > Flashcards

Part III Flashcards

1
Q

Localized swelling or bump in the breast
Mostly benign

A

Breast Lumps

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2
Q

Causes of Breast Lumps (I.T.FA.C.FI)

A

Infection
Trauma
Fibroadenoma
Cyst
Fibrocystic conditions

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3
Q

Thickness of normal skin

A

0.5-2mm

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4
Q

Important secondary measure in identifying cancer
Major sign of malignancy

A

Skin Thickening

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5
Q

Enlargement of the breast/s compared to the regular breast size

A

Swelling

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6
Q

Signs and symptoms that may be together with swelling

A

Tenderness pain
Lumps
Changes of the areola or nipple
Any secretion from the nipple

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7
Q

Peau d’ orange
Serious sign of cancer

A

Dimpling

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8
Q

Unilateral, uniductal
Usually persistent and non-lactational, spontaneous

A

Nipple Discharge

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9
Q

Suspicious type of nipple discharge

A

Bloody: requires further eval

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10
Q

Serosanguineous or serous: Less concerning type of nipple discharge

A

Watery (clear)
[rare reports related to Ductal carcinoma in situ]

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11
Q

Mammographic Correlation [nipple discharge]

A
  1. Required in patho discharge [majority opts for sonogram]
  2. Identify dilated ducts, calcifications, mass or architectural distortion
  3. Freq false negative - 10-50% or higher
  4. Negative mammo needs further eval -UTS, MRI, GALACTOGRAPHY
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12
Q

Flattening or tethering of nipple

A

Nipple retraction

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13
Q

Pulling in of the nipple, partial or complete, may or may not involve areola

A

Nipple Retraction

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14
Q

At birth, entire nipple retracted with apex eep to level of breast itself [normal variant]

A

Nipple Inversion

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15
Q

Mammographic Correlation Nipple Retraction

A
  1. More readily visualized in digi mammo
  2. Bilateral, long standing nipple inversion
  3. New NR requires additional work up
  4. Spot compression views - help reveal and charac underlying mass
  5. Spot magnification views - assess calcifications
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16
Q

Tenderness, throbbing, sharp, stabbing, burning pain, or tightness in the breast tissue

A

Breast Pain

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17
Q

Skin rashes are characterized by redness, eruptions and inflammation

A

Skin Irritation

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18
Q

Two main types of breast cancer

A

Ductal Carcinoma
Lobular Carcinoma

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19
Q

Tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple
Most common

A

Ductal carcinoma

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20
Q

Cancer in lobules that produce milk

A

Lobular carcinoma

21
Q

Two major groups of breast cancer

A

Noninvasive
Invasive

22
Q

Stay within the confines of a duct or lobule

A

Noninvasive carcinoma

23
Q

Gain access to the stroma (supporting tissue)

A

Invasive Carcinoma

24
Q

Clinical Presentation of breast cancer

A

Breast lump or tumor
Retraction signs
Edema
Axillary nodes
Sangenius Nipple Discharge
Tenderness

25
Late symptoms of breast cancer
• double vision • muscle weakness • headache • nausea • cough • shortness of breath • jaundice • loss of appetite • Weight loss • bone pain
26
Exams and tests for breast cancer
1. Mammography to help identify the breast lump 2. Breast MRI help better identify the breast lump 3. Breast ultrasound to show whether the lump is solid or fluid-filled 4. Breast biopsy, needle aspiration, or breast lump removal to remove all or part of the breast lump for closer examination by a laboratory specialist 5. CT scan 6. Sentinal lymph node biopsy 7. PET scan
27
Type of Cancer according to the type and cell and the organ from which they arise.
Carcinoma Sarcoma Leukemia
28
Where it arises.. Carcinoma [..] Sarcoma [..] Leukemia [..] Lymphoma
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Blood & blood-forming organs Lymphatic system and notes
29
Prevents bacteria and foreign invaders from entering bloodstream
Lymph nodes
30
Primary Tumor (T) Tx- [..] TO- [..] Tis- [..] T1, T2, T3, T4- [..]
Primary Tumor (T) Tx- primary tumor cannot be assessed TO- No evidence of primary tumor Tis- carcinoma in situ T1, T2, T3, T4- increasing size and/or local extent of the primary tumor.
31
Regional Lymph Nodes (N) Nx- [..] No- [..] N1, N2, N3- [..]
Regional Lymph Nodes (N) Nx- regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed No- no regional lymph node metastasis N1, N2, N3- increasing involvement of regional lymph node.
32
Distant Metastases (M) Mx- [..] MO- [..] M1- [..]
Distant Metastases (M) Mx- presence of distant metastases cannot be assessed. MO- No distant metastasis M1- presence of distant metastasis
33
Stage I - [..] Stage II - [..] Stage Ill - [..] Stage IV - [..]
Stage I - The cancer is small in size, tumor occurring only in the origin, wherein it originated Stage II - The tumor mass is bigger, but is still confined in the organ of origin. Stage Ill - The tumor has grown bigger beyond the confines of the origin into the other organs near it. Stage IV - There is visible evidence indicating spread to other organs of the body, aside from the tumor being in the organ of origin.
34
Historical Grading Gx- [..] G1- [..] G2- [..] G3- [..] G4- [..]
Gx- Grade cannot be assessed G1- well differentiated G2-moderately differentiated G3- poorly differentiated G4- undifferentiated
35
common variation of normal development in both men and women, typically occurring as an undeveloped nipple in addition to the nipples normally present on the chest.
accessory nipple
36
Thought to be caused by shortening and tethering of breast ducts, with primary concern for inability to breastfeed.
Congenital nipple inversion
37
Complete absence of the nipple and areola. Can be inherited by autosomal dominant genetics, or as a part of a syndrome (e.g. Poland's).
Athelia
38
characterized by an underdeveloped or absent chest muscle on one side of the body, absence of the breastbone portion (sternal) of the chest muscle
Poland’s syndrome
39
Very rare. - Characterized by posterior displacement of ribs, anteriorly sunken chest wall and hypoplasia of the ipsilateral breast. Sternum and pectoral muscles are normal.
Anterior thoracic hypoplasia
40
most commonly found at the axilla. Usually disymptomatic and diagnosed at puberty or during pregnancy. Surgery is usually avoided due to high incidence of postoperative complications.
Polymastid
41
Unilàteral aplasia or hypoplasia of breast tissue. This can be associated with a defect in one or both pectoral muscles.
Assymetry
42
Complete absence of both breast tissue and the nipple-areola complex
Amastia
43
breast becomes swollen, hot and painful. It's most common in breastfeeding women, but women who are not breastfeeding and men can also get it.
Infection (mastoiditis, abscess).
44
A cystic callection of breast milk. Usually found in lactating women, rare in children. Prolactin stimulation and ductal obstruction are thought tó play a role in pathogènesis. Treatment is usually conservative, with aspiration for symptomatic rélief.
Galactocoele
45
a solid breast lump. This breast lump is not cancer. It happens most often between ages 15 and 35. But it can be found at any age in anyone who has periods. A fibroadenoma often causes no pain.
Fibroadenoma)
46
a painless, solitary and unilateral mass, without evidence of infection, and may double in size within three to six months, reaching 15 cm to 20 cm (10). It grows rapidly and distorts overlying skin, with prominent veins.
Juvenile fibroadenoma
47
Benign proliferation of bréast stroma with channels ligned by thin spindle cells. Thought to be due tó an exaggeráted response from estrogén-primed breast tissue to progesterone. Generally managed conservatively with sérial imáging.
Fseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia (PASH).
48
The most common breast malignancy in adolescents. Like fibroadenomas, it arises from the lobular tissue. Degree of malignancy can be predicted by sarcomatous elements, infiltrative margins, and stromal cell atypia.
Phyllodes tumor
49
More common than primary breast cancers. Lymphoma, leukemia, and rhabdomyosarcoma are the most common primary tumors that metastasize to the breast.
Metastases

Mammography (7 decks)

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