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Mammography > Part III > Flashcards

Part III Flashcards

1
Q

Localized swelling or bump in the breast
Mostly benign

A

Breast Lumps

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2
Q

Causes of Breast Lumps (I.T.FA.C.FI)

A

Infection
Trauma
Fibroadenoma
Cyst
Fibrocystic conditions

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3
Q

Thickness of normal skin

A

0.5-2mm

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4
Q

Important secondary measure in identifying cancer
Major sign of malignancy

A

Skin Thickening

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5
Q

Enlargement of the breast/s compared to the regular breast size

A

Swelling

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6
Q

Signs and symptoms that may be together with swelling

A

Tenderness pain
Lumps
Changes of the areola or nipple
Any secretion from the nipple

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7
Q

Peau d’ orange
Serious sign of cancer

A

Dimpling

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8
Q

Unilateral, uniductal
Usually persistent and non-lactational, spontaneous

A

Nipple Discharge

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9
Q

Suspicious type of nipple discharge

A

Bloody: requires further eval

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10
Q

Serosanguineous or serous: Less concerning type of nipple discharge

A

Watery (clear)
[rare reports related to Ductal carcinoma in situ]

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11
Q

Mammographic Correlation [nipple discharge]

A
  1. Required in patho discharge [majority opts for sonogram]
  2. Identify dilated ducts, calcifications, mass or architectural distortion
  3. Freq false negative - 10-50% or higher
  4. Negative mammo needs further eval -UTS, MRI, GALACTOGRAPHY
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12
Q

Flattening or tethering of nipple

A

Nipple retraction

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13
Q

Pulling in of the nipple, partial or complete, may or may not involve areola

A

Nipple Retraction

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14
Q

At birth, entire nipple retracted with apex eep to level of breast itself [normal variant]

A

Nipple Inversion

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15
Q

Mammographic Correlation Nipple Retraction

A
  1. More readily visualized in digi mammo
  2. Bilateral, long standing nipple inversion
  3. New NR requires additional work up
  4. Spot compression views - help reveal and charac underlying mass
  5. Spot magnification views - assess calcifications
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16
Q

Tenderness, throbbing, sharp, stabbing, burning pain, or tightness in the breast tissue

A

Breast Pain

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17
Q

Skin rashes are characterized by redness, eruptions and inflammation

A

Skin Irritation

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18
Q

Two main types of breast cancer

A

Ductal Carcinoma
Lobular Carcinoma

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19
Q

Tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple
Most common

A

Ductal carcinoma

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20
Q

Cancer in lobules that produce milk

A

Lobular carcinoma

21
Q

Two major groups of breast cancer

A

Noninvasive
Invasive

22
Q

Stay within the confines of a duct or lobule

A

Noninvasive carcinoma

23
Q

Gain access to the stroma (supporting tissue)

A

Invasive Carcinoma

24
Q

Clinical Presentation of breast cancer

A

Breast lump or tumor
Retraction signs
Edema
Axillary nodes
Sangenius Nipple Discharge
Tenderness

25
Q

Late symptoms of breast cancer

A

• double vision
• muscle weakness
• headache
• nausea
• cough
• shortness of breath
• jaundice
• loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• bone pain

26
Q

Exams and tests for breast cancer

A
  1. Mammography to help identify the breast lump
  2. Breast MRI help better identify the breast lump
  3. Breast ultrasound to show whether the lump is solid or fluid-filled
  4. Breast biopsy, needle aspiration, or breast lump removal to remove all or part of the breast lump for closer examination by a laboratory specialist
  5. CT scan
  6. Sentinal lymph node biopsy
  7. PET scan
27
Q

Type of Cancer according to the type and cell and the organ from which they arise.

A

Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia

28
Q

Where it arises..
Carcinoma [..]
Sarcoma [..]
Leukemia [..]
Lymphoma

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Blood & blood-forming organs
Lymphatic system and notes

29
Q

Prevents bacteria and foreign invaders from entering bloodstream

A

Lymph nodes

30
Q

Primary Tumor (T)
Tx- [..]
TO- [..]
Tis- [..]
T1, T2, T3, T4- [..]

A

Primary Tumor (T)
Tx- primary tumor cannot be assessed
TO- No evidence of primary tumor
Tis- carcinoma in situ
T1, T2, T3, T4- increasing size and/or local
extent of the primary tumor.

31
Q

Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
Nx- [..]
No- [..]
N1, N2, N3- [..]

A

Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
Nx- regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
No- no regional lymph node metastasis
N1, N2, N3- increasing involvement of regional lymph node.

32
Q

Distant Metastases (M)
Mx- [..]
MO- [..]
M1- [..]

A

Distant Metastases (M)
Mx- presence of distant metastases
cannot be assessed.
MO- No distant metastasis
M1- presence of distant metastasis

33
Q

Stage I - [..]
Stage II - [..]
Stage Ill - [..]
Stage IV - [..]

A

Stage I - The cancer is small in size, tumor occurring only in the origin, wherein it originated
Stage II - The tumor mass is bigger, but is still confined in the organ of origin.
Stage Ill - The tumor has grown bigger beyond the confines of the origin into the other organs near it.
Stage IV - There is visible evidence indicating spread to other organs of the body, aside from the tumor being in the organ of origin.

34
Q

Historical Grading
Gx- [..]
G1- [..]
G2- [..]
G3- [..]
G4- [..]

A

Gx- Grade cannot be assessed
G1- well differentiated
G2-moderately differentiated
G3- poorly differentiated
G4- undifferentiated

35
Q

common variation of normal development in both men and women, typically occurring as an undeveloped nipple in addition to the nipples normally present on the chest.

A

accessory nipple

36
Q

Thought to be caused by shortening and tethering of
breast ducts, with primary concern for inability to breastfeed.

A

Congenital nipple
inversion

37
Q

Complete absence of the nipple and areola. Can be inherited by autosomal dominant genetics, or as a
part of a syndrome (e.g. Poland’s).

A

Athelia

38
Q

characterized by an underdeveloped or absent chest muscle on one side of the body, absence of the breastbone portion (sternal) of the chest muscle

A

Poland’s syndrome

39
Q

Very rare.
- Characterized by posterior displacement of ribs, anteriorly sunken chest wall and hypoplasia of the ipsilateral breast. Sternum and pectoral muscles are normal.

A

Anterior thoracic
hypoplasia

40
Q

most commonly found at the axilla. Usually disymptomatic and diagnosed at puberty or during pregnancy. Surgery is usually avoided due to high incidence of postoperative complications.

A

Polymastid

41
Q

Unilàteral aplasia or hypoplasia of breast tissue. This can be associated with a defect in one or both pectoral muscles.

A

Assymetry

42
Q

Complete absence of both breast tissue and the nipple-areola complex

A

Amastia

43
Q

breast becomes swollen, hot and painful. It’s most common in breastfeeding women, but women who are not breastfeeding and men can also get it.

A

Infection (mastoiditis,
abscess).

44
Q

A cystic callection of breast milk. Usually found in lactating women, rare in children. Prolactin stimulation and ductal obstruction are thought tó play a role in pathogènesis. Treatment is usually conservative, with aspiration for symptomatic rélief.

A

Galactocoele

45
Q

a solid breast lump. This breast lump is not cancer. It happens most often between ages 15 and 35. But it can be found at any age in anyone who has periods. A fibroadenoma often causes no pain.

A

Fibroadenoma)

46
Q

a painless, solitary and unilateral mass, without evidence of infection, and may double in size within three to six months, reaching 15 cm to 20 cm (10). It grows rapidly and distorts overlying skin, with prominent veins.

A

Juvenile fibroadenoma

47
Q

Benign proliferation of bréast stroma with channels ligned by thin spindle cells. Thought to be due tó an exaggeráted response from estrogén-primed breast tissue to progesterone. Generally managed conservatively with sérial imáging.

A

Fseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia
(PASH).

48
Q

The most common breast malignancy in adolescents. Like
fibroadenomas, it arises from the lobular tissue. Degree of malignancy can be predicted by sarcomatous elements, infiltrative margins, and stromal cell atypia.

A

Phyllodes tumor

49
Q

More common than primary breast cancers. Lymphoma, leukemia, and rhabdomyosarcoma are the most common primary tumors that metastasize to the breast.

A

Metastases

Mammography (7 decks)

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