Part I Flashcards
Location of breast vertically
Clavicle meet abdominal wall
Level of second or third rib meet at the level of the sixth to seventh rib
Location of breast horizontally
Extend laterally to the edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle and medally to midsternum
Breast tissues can form anywhere this line
Extends from each side of the body;
Extend from axilla groin
Milk Bridge/Line
Lies on superficial fascia, muscles:
A. Pectoralis major
B. Serratous anterior
C. External oblique
A layer of adipose tissue and connective fascia, separate the breast from pectoralis major
Retromammary Space
Projection where the retromammary space is visible
Mediolateral Oblique Projection (MLO)
20% can be seen in caudocranial projection
Most secure part of the breast
Superior and medial portion
Most mobile part of the breast
Lateral and inferior portion
Represent point of attachment of the most inferior portion of breast to the chest wall.
(Line inferior to meet abdominal wall to clavicle)
Inframammry line/fold/crease
Many small protrusions on its surface of areola
Opening of ducts of the Montgomery’s glands
Morgagni’s tubercles
Sebaceous type providing lubrication during lactation
Useful in localizing possible masses
Montgomery’s gland
Upper outer quadrant - extends toward axilla
Axillary tail, tail of breast or sperve
Describe the relationship to nipple posterior closest to chest wall
Region Method
Deep Anatomy (tree)
Mammary Duct → Lobes (15-20) → lobules (10-100) → TDLU -ETD → ITD
Responsible for milk production
Where most cancers originate
Lined with epithelial and myoepithelial cells
Terminal Ductal lobular units
Located at the end terminal ductile
Interlobular terminal duct (ITD)
Small duct leading to the interlobular terminal duct
Extralobular terminal duct (ETD)
Milk production element of the breast
Acinus
Enlargement of male breast
Gynecomastia
Male Breast Cancer Risk Factors
- Age
- Heredity
- Breast Cancer Gene
- Radiation Exposure
- Use of hormones
- Klinefelter’s Syndrome - male with extra x chromosome
Main purpose of breast
Provide nourishment for the newborn
Fibrous branches in a breast is also called [..] that support breast tissue
Cooper’s ligament or suspensory ligament
Development of the mammary gland
Mamogenesis
One of the few tissues which can repeatedly undergo growth, functional differentiation and regression
Mammary gland
[..] predominates in first trimester
Ductal Sprouting
[…] occurs more in second trimester
Lobular sprouting
[development of mammary gland] SIXTH WEEK
DE.I.MD
-DOWNGROWTH of EPIDERMIS into underlying mesenchyme
-CHANGES occur in response to INDUCTIVE INFLUENCE
-MG DOWNGROWTHS
[development of mammary gland] 4th WEEK
C.L.P
-MAMMARY CRESTS appear
-persists in the pectoral area where breast develops an attachment primary bud give rise to several secondary MAMMARY BUDS that develop into LACTIFEROUS DUCTS and their branches
-form 15-19 lactiferous ducts by end of term (canalization induced by PLACENTAL hormones)
[embryology] WEEKS 4-6
M.E
Develop MILK RIDGES IN thoracic region
ECTODERMAL STREAKS from axilla to the groin
[embryology] WEEKS 6-8
Mammary RIDGES INVOLUTE (leave one bud in pectoral area)
INVGINATION of chest wall mesenchyme
[embryology] WEEKS 12-16
D.E.G
-DIFFERENCE of SMOOTH muscle to NIPPLE and AREOLA
-EPITHELIAL BUDS and branching buds
-GLANDULAR COMB of breast
[embryology] Weeks 16 to 20
H.A
-HAIR FOLLICLES, APOCRINE glands and glands of MONTGOMERY
-APPEARANCE of PRIMITIVE ELEMENTS of breast parenchyma
[embryology] THIRD TRIMESTER
E.N.MA.L
-EPIDERMIS DEPRESSES into shallow mammary part
-N-A COMPLEX ENLARGES & develops PIGMENTATION
-MAMMARY DUCTS CANALIZE
-LOBLES begin differentiation
[embryology] NEONATAL
C.O.H.O
-CON. TISSUE PROLIFERATES causing the nipple to ERECT
-HORMONALLY stimulated
-LOBULAR TISSUE may secrete colostrum
[development of mammary gland] CHILDHOOD AND PUBERTY
M.A.P.B
-mammary ducts branch, give rise to TDLUs
-adipose cells proliferate, enlarge and extend into subcutaneous tissue
-periductal tissues increases. Blood vessels proliferate
Indicate sexuality and monitoring aging
TANNER PHASES OF PUBERTAL BREAST DEV’T
Menarche Phases
Proliferative phase (Follicular phase of Ovary) - day 3-14
Secretory phase (Luteal Phase of Ovary) - day 15-28
Proliferative Phase
O.I.L.L
-overall regression of breast epithelial
-increase in ovarian estrogen (pituitary)
-less dense stroma
-low breast volume and water content
Secretory Phase
-stroma density increases
-Ductal epithelium proliferates
-water content increases
-clinical symp : increased interlobular fluid & generalized lobular proliferation
Hormones that rise during pregnancy
Estrogen, progesterone, prolactin
[pregnancy] WEEKS 5-9
B.I
-breast enlargement
-increase in nipple-areolar complex pigmentation
[pregnancy] SECOND HALF OF PREGNANCY
P.S.C
-progressive lobular proliferation
-stromal and far elements increase
-colostrum accumulate in alveoli
LACTATION
-interm post partum enlargement due to colostrum accumulation
-milk secreted into alveoli 3-7days postpartum
Hormones for Ductal growth
Every Girl Calls Rex
Estrogen
Growth hormone
Cortisol
Relaxin
Hormones for lobuloalveolar growth
Private Girls Caress Perfect Rex
Progesterone
growth factor
cortisol
Prolactin
Relaxin
Types of Lobules
Type I -Virginal Lobule (breast at birth)
Type 2 - breast at puberty
Type 3 - breast during pregnancy
Type 4 - breast with milk
Hormones promoting initiation of milk production
Lactogenic Hormones
Lactogenic Hormones
Athletic Perky Hot Cops with T&G
Alveolar cells
Prolactin
Human chronic somatomammotropic hormone
Cortisol
Thyroid and growth hormone
Hormones that promote contraction of myoepithelial cells
Galactokinetic Hormones
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (1%-20% powerful as oxytocin)
Secrete complete mixture of sugars, proteins and lipids
Epithelial alveolar cells
Milk (1-5 days) reach in proteins, minerals, immunoglobuline, anti inflammatory factors
Colostrum
Milk (>30 days) larger quantity that colostrum
Natural milk
Milk, thin, proteins, lactose, water and other nutrients
Foremilk
Milk; more fat, whiter, provide energy of a feed
Hindmilk
Other Compositions of milk
Growth factor, cortisol, insulin, thyroxine and prolactin
