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Zooth 211 (Production and Eco) > Part II (Module 1: Definition Of Terms) > Flashcards

Part II (Module 1: Definition Of Terms) Flashcards

1
Q

The cell produced by the union of mature gametes (egg and sperm) in reproduction.

A

Zygote

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2
Q

The allele at a particular SNP that is the least frequent in a population.

A

Variant Allele

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3
Q

A distinct variant of a phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited,
environmentally determined or a combination of the two.

A

Trait

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4
Q

The X or Y chromosomes.

A

Sex Chromosomes

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5
Q

The linear arrangement of nucleotides that make up unbranched polymer chains
of DNA or RNA.

A

Sequence

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6
Q

Any natural or artificial process favoring the survival and propagation of certain
individuals in a population.

A

Selection

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7
Q

The separation of paired alleles at loci during germ cell formation

A

Segregation

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8
Q

Ribonucleic acid, involved in the transcription of genetic information from DNA.

A

RNA

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9
Q

Applies to one member of an allelic pair which lacks the ability to manifest itself

A

Recessive

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10
Q

A mating system in which animals are assigned as breeding pairs at random,
without regard to genetic relationship or performance.

A

Random Mating

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11
Q

A locus that affects a quantitative trait.

A

Quantitative Trait Locus

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12
Q

A trait that is represented by an almost continuous distribution of
measurements. Examples include average daily gain, backfat thickness, and height.

A

Quantitative Trait

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13
Q

A trait that can generally be classified into a limited number of categories,
and the animal can be said to “possess” the quality or not. Examples include hair color, skin
color, and ear stature.

A

Qualitative Trait

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14
Q

Any of a group of complex nitrogenous organic compounds that contain amino acids as their basic structural units, occur in all living matter, and are essential for the growth and repair of animal tissue.

A

Protein

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15
Q

A test used to help predict an individual’s breeding values, involving multiple
matings of that individual and evaluation of its offspring

A

Progeny Test

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16
Q

Offspring or individuals resulting from specific matings

A

Progeny

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17
Q

The branch of genetics which deals with frequencies of alleles in groups
of individuals.

A

Population Genetics

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18
Q

Entire group of organisms of a kind that interbreed

A

Population

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19
Q

Where DNA or genes have more than two forms or alleles in the population.

A

Polymorphism

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20
Q

Variation in phenotype which results from variation in genetic and
environmental effects on the individuals.

A

Phenotypic Variation

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21
Q

performance record; a measure of an animal’s performance for a trait.

A

Phenotypic value

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22
Q

When two traits tend to change in the same or different direction as
a net result of genetic and environmental effects

A

Phenotypic correlation

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23
Q

Actual exhibit of observable traits. Normally, it refers to physical characteristic of an individual such as size, shape, color, or performance.

A

Phenotype

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24
Q

The set of all phenotypes expressed by a cell, tissue, organ, organism, or species

A

Phenome

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25
Q

Genetically determined characteristic which can be possessed by an organism. A
synonym of trait.

A

Phene

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26
Q

Environmental effects that result in permanent effects on
the phenotypic expression of a trait. For example, severe mastitis during lactation may have a permanent effect on milk production and litter weaning weight for an animal in subsequent
litters.

A

Permanent Environmental Effects

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27
Q

proportion of the individuals with a particular gene combination that express
the corresponding trait.

A

Penetrance

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28
Q

Usually refers to pedigree chart or what a pedigree chart represents in genetics. It
is a document to record the ancestry of an individual. Also used to illustrate
the family structure or breeding scheme.

A

Pedigree

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29
Q

Mating of individuals that are less closely related than the average of the

A

Outcrossing

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30
Q

contribute to individual fitness and to the evolution of
animal genetic resources. By definition, these traits are also important to the ability of the
animal genetic resource to be sustained in the production environment

A

Adaptation Traits

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31
Q

Any one of a class of organic compounds containing the amino (NH2) group and
the carboxyl (COOH) group. They are combined to form proteins.

A

Amino acids

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32
Q

One of a pair, or series of alternative forms of a gene that can occur at a given locus
on homologous chromosomes

A

Allele

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33
Q

System for genetic evaluations that estimates breeding values of individual
animals (males, females) at the same time. The system uses production data on all known
relatives in calculating a genetic evaluation.

A

Animal model

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34
Q

Any individual from which an animal is descended

A

Ancestor

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35
Q

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

A

Autosome

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36
Q

cross produced by mating a first-cross animal back to one of its parent lines
or breeds.

A

Backcross

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37
Q

Either a sub-specific group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable
external characteristics that enable it to be separated by visual appraisal from other similarly
defined groups within the same species, or a group for which geographical and/or cultural
separation from phenotypically similar groups has led to acceptance of its separate identity.

A

Breed

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38
Q

mean genetic value of an individual as a parent. It can be estimated as
the average superiority of an individual’s progeny relative to all other progeny under
conditions of random mating.

A

Breeding value

39
Q

Spindle-fiber attachment region of a chromosome

A

Centromere

40
Q

Microscopically observable linear arrangement of DNA in the nucleus of a cell.
It carries the genes responsible for the determination and transmission of
hereditary characteristics.

A

Chromosomes

41
Q

mean performance of a line when involved in a cross-breeding system

A

Combining ability

42
Q

average performance when a breed or line is crossed with two or more other breeds or line

A

General combining ability

43
Q

the degree to which the
performance of a specific cross deviates from the average general combining ability of two
lines.

A

Specific combining ability

44
Q

Alleles, each of which produces an independent effect in heterozygotes

A

Co-dominant alleles

45
Q

A line that is randomly selected and randomly mated. Usually used in selection experiments to monitor environment effects in order to estimate genetic change in a selected
line.

A

Control line

46
Q

Matings between animals of different breeds or lines

A

Crossbreeding

47
Q

The protoplasm outside a cell nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

48
Q

An individual descended from other individuals

A

Descendant

49
Q

Applied to one member of an allelic pair of genes, which has the ability to express
itself wholly or largely at the exclusion of the expression of the other allele.

A

Dominant

50
Q

The aggregate of all the external conditions and influences affecting the life
and development of the organism.

A

Environment

51
Q

When the gene at one locus affect the expression of the gene at another locus

A

Epistasis

52
Q

prediction of a breeding value

A

Estimated breeding value

53
Q

sequence of DNA that is expressed (transcribed) into RNA , then translated into
protein

A

Exon

54
Q

may be separated by an intron, which is later removed from the RNA
transcript via a splicing mechanism.

A

Adjacent exons

55
Q

Animals resulting from crossing parents from different lines or breeds

A

F1

56
Q

Animals resulting from matings among F1 parents

A

F2

57
Q

Animals resulting from matings among F2 parents

A

F3

58
Q

The mean number of offspring per parent that successfully reproduce

A

Family size

59
Q

Individuals having the same male and female parents.

A

Full sibs

60
Q

A sperm or egg cell containing the haploid (1n) number of chromosomes

A

Gamete

61
Q

functional hereditary unit that occupies a fixed location on a chromosome, has a specific influence on phenotype, and is capable of mutation to various allelic forms.

A

Gene

62
Q

A gene or DNA sequence having a known location on a chromosome and
associated with a particular gene or trait; a gene phenotypically associated with a particular,
easily identified trait and used to identify an individual or cell carrying that gene.

A

Genetic Marker

63
Q

Variation in phenotype which results from variations in genetic composition
among individuals.

A

Genetic variance

64
Q

The complete set of genes and non-coding sequences present in each cell of an
organism, or the genes in a complete haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism.

A

Genome

65
Q

The discipline in genetics concerned with the study of the genome of an organism. The field includes efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale
genetic mapping. It also studies intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis,
pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.

A

Genomics

66
Q

The genetic constitution of one or a few gene(s) or locus (loci), or total genetic make-up (genes) of an individual organism

A

Genotype

67
Q

process of repeated backcrossing to one parental line to produce a population
that is nearly purebred.

A

Grade-up

68
Q

Individuals that share only one common parent

A

Half-sibs

69
Q

A set of alleles at a closely linked group of loci, so closely linked that the allelic set
behaves almost as one allele in terms of inheritance.

A

Haplotype

70
Q

Degree to which a given trait is controlled by inheritance; proportion of total
phenotypic variation that is attributable to genetic variation (in contrast to environmentcaused variation)

A

Heritability

71
Q

degree to which the performance of a crossbred animal is better or worse than
the average performance of the parents

A

Heterosis

72
Q

An organism with unlike members of any given pair or
series of alleles, which consequently produces unlike gametes.

A

Heterozygote, adj. heterozygous

73
Q

Chromosomes which occur in pairs and are similar in size and
shape, one having come from the male and one from the female parent.

A

Homologous chromosomes

74
Q

organism whose chromosomes carry identical members
of a given pair of genes. The gametes are therefore all alike with respect to this locus.

A

Homozygote, adj. homozygous

75
Q

Matings among related individuals, which results in progeny that have less heterozygosity and hence more homozygous gene pairs than the average of the population.

A

Inbreeding

76
Q

When animals are culled if they do not meet all of the minimum levels
of performance for a set of traits.

A

Independent culling

77
Q

appearance of the metaphase chromosomes of an individual or species, which shows the comparative size, shape, and morphology of the different chromosomes.

A

Karyotype

78
Q

gene that results in the death of the animal

A

Lethal gene

79
Q

Both internal (e.g., genetic merit) and external (e.g., nutrition, disease, exposure) forces that influence the expression of a threshold character (e.g., disease, conception,
abnormalities, etc.).

A

Liability

80
Q

Mating of selected individuals from successive generations to produce animals
with a high relationship to one or more selected ancestors. It is a mild form of inbreeding

A

Line-breeding

81
Q

Association of genes physically located on the same chromosome. A group of linked
genes is called a linkage group.

A

Linkage

82
Q

advantage of the crossbred mother over the average of purebred
mothers

A

Maternal Heterosis

83
Q

Rules which describe how selected breeds and/or individuals will be
paired at mating.

A

Mating system

84
Q

process by which the chromosome number of a reproductive cell becomes reduced to half the diploid (2n) or somatic number and results in the formation of eggs or
sperm.

A

Meiosis

85
Q

Movement of animals, and consequently genes, from one population to another.

A

Migration

86
Q

Refers to the frequency at which the less common allele occurs
in a given population

A

Minor Allele Frequency

87
Q

Small bodies in the cytoplasm of most plant and animal cells responsible for
energy production

A

Mitochondria

88
Q

Cell division process in which there is first a duplication of chromosomes, followed
by migration of chromosomes to the ends of the spindle and a dividing of the cytoplasm,
resulting in the formation of two cells with diploid (2n) number of chromosomes.

A

Mitosis

89
Q

branch of genetic studies that deals with hereditary transmission and
variation on the molecular level. It deals with the expression of genes by studying the DNA
sequences of chromosomes.

A

Molecular Genetics

90
Q

Three or more alternative forms of a gene representing the same locus in a given pair of chromosomes

A

Multiple alleles

91
Q

A sudden change in the genotype of an organism. The term is most often used in reference to point mutations (changes in base sequence within a gene), but can refer to
chromosomal changes

A

Mutation

92
Q

Natural processes favoring reproduction by individuals that are better adapted, and tending to eliminate those less adapted to their environment.

A

Natural selection

93
Q

Part of a cell containing chromosomes and surrounded by cytoplasm

A

Nucleus

Zooth 211 (Production and Eco) (4 decks)

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