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zooth 211 > Part II. General Principles of animal breeding, genetics and reproduction > Flashcards

Part II. General Principles of animal breeding, genetics and reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

the genetic make-up of the trait represented by genes carried on the chromosomes.

A

Genotype

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2
Q

the visible or measurable character representing the genotype.

A

Phenotype

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3
Q

4 factors or rules should be considered for an effective improvement

A
  1. Genetic variation
  2. Selection of highly heritable traits
  3. Accurate measurement and recording
  4. Proper mating or breeding systems
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4
Q

have a maximum differences on traits due to genetics. Standardize environment, and differences in performance (phenotype) of the animals are largely due to their genotype.

A

Genetic variation

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5
Q

spend selection efforts on traits largely influence by heredity. These are the traits for which phenotype is a good indicator of genotype.

A

Selection of highly heritable traits

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6
Q

use effective methods for evaluating traits of prospect breeders and have a reliable records/data.

A

Accurate measurement and recording

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7
Q

breed selected animals with desirable traits using the right breeding methods and reproductive techniques.

A

Proper mating or breeding systems

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8
Q

two general classifications of animal breeders

A

-purebred breeders/seedstock producers
-commercial breeder (producers)

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9
Q

typically are from the purebreds for which their ancestry is recorded as a pedigree by a breed association.

A

Purebred livestock

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10
Q

are crossbreds resulting from crossing tow or more breeds or lines of breeding.

A

Commercial slaughter/market livestock

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11
Q

The two major systems of mating are :

A

Inbreeding & outbreeding

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12
Q

to utilize hybrid vigor, breed complementation and stock improvement.

A

outbreeding

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13
Q

primary geared towards maintenance and preservation of genetic superiority

A

Inbreeding

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14
Q

mating of animals ore closely related than the average of the breed or population, resulting to an increased homozygosity of gene pairs compared to noninbred animals in the same population (breed/herd). Generally defined as mating or relatives within a breed.

A

Inbreeding

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15
Q

mating of closely related animals whose ancestors have been inbred for several generation.

A

Intensive inbreeding

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16
Q

a mild form of inbreeding where inbreeding is kept relatively low while maintaining a high genetic relationship to an outstanding ancestor (usually a sire) or line of ancestors.

A

Linebreeding

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17
Q

mating of animals not as closely related as the average of the population.

A

Outbreeding

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18
Q

contribute to individual fitness and to the evolution of animal genetic resources.

A

Adaptation traits

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19
Q

The effect of an allele on animal performance, independent of the effect of the other allele at a locus

A

Additive genetic effects

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20
Q

One of a pair, or series of alternative forms of a gene that can occur at a given locus on homologous chromosomes.

A

Allele

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21
Q

Any one of a class of organic compounds containing the amino (NH2) group and the carboxyl (COOH) group.

A

Amino acids

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22
Q

A system for genetic evaluations that estimates breeding values of individual animals (males, females) at the same time.

A

Animal model

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23
Q

Any individual from which an animal is descended.

A

Ancestor

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24
Q

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

A

Autosome

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25
Q

The cross produced by mating a first-cross animal back to one of its parent lines or breeds.

A

Backcross

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26
Q

Either a sub-specific group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable external characteristics that enable it to be separated by visual appraisal from other similarly defined groups within the same species, or a group for which geographical and/or cultural separation from phenotypically similar groups has led to acceptance of its separate identity.

A

Breed

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27
Q

The mean genetic value of an individual as a parent. It can be estimated as the average superiority of an individual’s progeny relative to all other progeny under conditions of random mating.

A

Breeding value

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28
Q

Spindle-fiber attachment region of a chromosome.

A

Centromere

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29
Q

Microscopically observable linear arrangement of DNA in the nucleus of a cell.

A

chromosome

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30
Q

Alleles, each of which produces an independent effect in heterozygotes.

A

Co-dominant alleles

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31
Q

The mean performance of a line when involved in a cross-breeding system.

A

Combining ability

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32
Q

A line that is randomly selected and randomly mated. Usually used in selection experiments to monitor environment effects in order to estimate genetic change in a selected line.

A

Control line

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33
Q

Matings between animals of different breeds or lines.

A

Crossbreeding

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34
Q

The protoplasm outside a cell nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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35
Q

An individual descended from other individuals.

A

Descendant

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36
Q

the chemical material which carries information to code for a gene.

A

DNA

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37
Q

Applied to one member of an allelic pair of genes, which has the ability to express itself wholly or largely at the exclusion of the expression of the other allele.

A

Dominant

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38
Q

The aggregate of all the external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of the organism.

A

environment

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39
Q

A prediction of a breeding value. See breeding value.

A

Estimated breeding value

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40
Q

When the gene at one locus affect the expression of the gene at another locus.

A

Epistasis

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41
Q

A sequence of DNA that is expressed (transcribed) into RNA , then translated into protein.

A

Exon

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42
Q

Animals resulting from crossing parents from different lines or breeds.

A

F1

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43
Q

Animals resulting from matings among F1 parents.

A

F2

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44
Q

Animals resulting from matings among F2 parents.

A

F3

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45
Q

The mean number of offspring per parent that successfully reproduce.

A

Family size

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46
Q

Individuals having the same male and female parents.

A

Full sibs

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47
Q

A sperm or egg cell containing the haploid (1n) number of chromosomes .

A

Gamete

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48
Q

A functional hereditary unit that occupies a fixed location on a chromosome, has a specific influence on phenotype, and is capable of mutation to various allelic forms.

A

Gene

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49
Q

A gene or DNA sequence having a known location on a chromosome and associated with a particular gene or trait; a gene phenotypically associated with a particular, easily identified trait and used to identify an individual or cell carrying that gene.

A

Genetic marker

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50
Q

Variation in phenotype which results from variations in genetic composition among individuals.

A

genetic variance

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51
Q

The complete set of genes and non-coding sequences present in each cell of an organism, or the genes in a complete haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism.

A

Genome

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52
Q

A discipline in genetics concerned with the study of the genome of an organism.

A

Genomics

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53
Q

The genetic constitution of one or a few gene(s) or locus (loci), or total genetic make-up (genes) of an individual organism.

A

Genotype

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54
Q

The process of repeated backcrossing to one parental line to produce a population that is nearly purebred.

A

Grade-up

55
Q

Individuals that share only one common parent.

A

Half sibs

56
Q

A set of alleles at a closely linked group of loci, so closely linked that the allelic set behaves almost as one allele in terms of inheritance.

A

Haplotype

57
Q

Degree to which a given trait is controlled by inheritance; proportion of total phenotypic variation that is attributable to genetic variation (in contrast to environmentcaused variation).

A

Heritability

58
Q

The degree to which the performance of a crossbred animal is better or worse than the average performance of the parents.

A

Heterosis

59
Q

An organism with unlike members of any given pair or series of alleles, which consequently produces unlike gametes.

A

Heterozygote

60
Q

Chromosomes which occur in pairs and are similar in size and shape, one having come from the male and one from the female parent.

A

Homologous chromosomes

61
Q

An organism whose chromosomes carry identical members of a given pair of genes. The gametes are therefore all alike with respect to this locus.

A

Homozygote

62
Q

Matings among related individuals, which results in progeny that have less heterozygosity and hence more homozygous gene pairs than the average of the population.

A

Inbreeding

63
Q

When animals are culled if they do not meet all of the minimum levels of performance for a set of traits.

A

Independent culling

64
Q

The appearance of the metaphase chromosomes of an individual or species, which shows the comparative size, shape, and morphology of the different chromosomes.

A

Karyotype

65
Q

A gene that results in the death of the animal.

A

Lethal gene

66
Q

Both internal (e.g., genetic merit) and external (e.g., nutrition, disease, exposure) forces that influence the expression of a threshold character (e.g., disease, conception, abnormalities, etc.).

A

Liability

67
Q

Mating of selected individuals from successive generations to produce animals with a high relationship to one or more selected ancestors. It is a mild form of inbreeding.

A

Line-breeding

68
Q

Association of genes physically located on the same chromosome. A group of linked genes is called a linkage group.

A

Linkage

69
Q

The advantage of the crossbred mother over the average of purebred mothers.

A

Maternal heterosis

70
Q

The rules which describe how selected breeds and/or individuals will be paired at mating.

A

Mating systems

71
Q

The process by which the chromosome number of a reproductive cell becomes reduced to half the diploid (2n) or somatic number and results in the formation of eggs or sperm.

A

Meiosis

72
Q

Movement of animals, and consequently genes, from one population to another.

A

Migration

73
Q

Refers to the frequency at which the less common allele occurs in a given population.

A

Minor allele frequency (MAF)

74
Q

Small bodies in the cytoplasm of most plant and animal cells responsible for energy production.

A

Mitochondria

75
Q

Cell division process in which there is first a duplication of chromosomes, followed by migration of chromosomes to the ends of the spindle and a dividing of the cytoplasm, resulting in the formation of two cells with diploid (2n) number of chromosomes.

A

mitosis

76
Q

The branch of genetic studies that deals with hereditary transmission and variation on the molecular level. It deals with the expression of genes by studying the DNA sequences of chromosomes.

A

Molecular genetics

77
Q

Three or more alternative forms of a gene representing the same locus in a given pair of chromosomes.

A

Multiple alleles

77
Q

Three or more alternative forms of a gene representing the same locus in a given pair of chromosomes.

A

Multiple alleles

77
Q

Three or more alternative forms of a gene representing the same locus in a given pair of chromosomes.

A

Multiple alleles

78
Q

A sudden change in the genotype of an organism. The term is most often used in reference to point mutations (changes in base sequence within a gene), but can refer to chromosomal changes.

A

mutation

79
Q

Natural processes favoring reproduction by individuals that are better adapted, and tending to eliminate those less adapted to their environment.

A

Natural selection

80
Q

Part of a cell containing chromosomes and surrounded by cytoplasm.

A

Nucleus

80
Q

Part of a cell containing chromosomes and surrounded by cytoplasm.

A

Nucleus

81
Q

Mating of individuals that are less closely related than the average of the

A

Outcrossing

82
Q

Usually refers to pedigree chart or what a pedigree chart represents in genetics. It is a document to record the ancestry of an individual.

A

Pedigree

83
Q

The proportion of the individuals with a particular gene combination that express the corresponding trait.

A

Penetrance

84
Q

Environmental effects that result in permanent effects on the phenotypic expression of a trait.

A

Permanent environmental effects

85
Q

Genetically determined characteristic which can be possessed by an organism. A synonym of trait.

A

Phene

86
Q

The set of all phenotypes expressed by a cell, tissue, organ, organism, or species.

A

phenome

87
Q

Actual exhibit of observable traits. Normally, it refers to physical characteristic of an individual such as size, shape, color, or performance.

A

phenotype

88
Q

When two traits tend to change in the same or different direction as a net result of genetic and environmental effects.

A

Phenotypic correlation

89
Q

A performance record; a measure of an animal’s performance for a trait.

A

Phenotypic value

90
Q

Variation in phenotype which results from variation in genetic and environmental effects on the individuals.

A

Phenotypic variation

91
Q

Where DNA or genes have more than two forms or alleles in the population.

A

Polymorphism

92
Q

Entire group of organisms of a kind that interbreed.

A

Population

93
Q

The branch of genetics which deals with frequencies of alleles in groups of individuals.

A

Population genetics

94
Q

Offspring or individuals resulting from specific matings.

A

Progeny

95
Q

A test used to help predict an individual’s breeding values, involving multiple matings of that individual and evaluation of its offspring.

A

Progeny test

96
Q

Any of a group of complex nitrogenous organic compounds that contain amino acids as their basic structural units, occur in all living matter, and are essential for the growth and repair of animal tissue.

A

protein

97
Q

A trait that can generally be classified into a limited number of categories, and the animal can be said to “possess” the quality or not. Examples include hair color, skin color, and ear stature.

A

Qualitative trait

98
Q

A trait that is represented by an almost continuous distribution of measurements. Examples include average daily gain, backfat thickness, and height.

A

Quantitative trait

99
Q

A locus that affects a quantitative trait.

A

Quantitative trait locus (QTL)

100
Q

A mating system in which animals are assigned as breeding pairs at random, without regard to genetic relationship or performance.

A

Random mating

101
Q

Applies to one member of an allelic pair which lacks the ability to manifest itself

A

Recessive

102
Q

involved in the transcription of genetic information from DNA.

A

RNA

103
Q

The separation of paired alleles at loci during germ cell formation.

A

Segregation

104
Q

Any natural or artificial process favoring the survival and propagation of certain individuals in a population.

A

selection

105
Q

The linear arrangement of nucleotides that make up unbranched polymer chains of DNA or RNA.

A

sequence

106
Q

The X or Y chromosomes.

A

Sex chromosomes

107
Q

A distinct variant of a phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited, environmentally determined or a combination of the two.

A

trait

108
Q

A distinct variant of a phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited, environmentally determined or a combination of the two.

A

trait

109
Q

The allele at a particular SNP that is the least frequent in a population.

A

variant allele

110
Q

The cell produced by the union of mature gametes (egg and sperm) in reproduction.

A

zygote

111
Q

Turkey

A

82

112
Q

ducks

A

80

113
Q

chicken & dog

A

78

114
Q

camel

A

74

115
Q

horse

A

64

116
Q

donkey

A

62

117
Q

cattle & goat

A

60

118
Q

sheep

A

54

119
Q

river buffalo

A

50

120
Q

swamp buffalo

A

48

121
Q

rabbit

A

44

122
Q

rat

A

42

123
Q

mouse & pig

A

40

124
Q

cat

A

38

125
Q

one allele mask the effect/action of the other in a locus.

A

Complete dominance

126
Q

neither allele in a locus is dominant, the heterozygote offspring shows intermediate or blended phenotype.

A

Incomplete or Partial dominance

127
Q

heterozygous individuals are superior (possess greater vigor or are more desirable to either homozygotes; and are said to possess heterosis or hybrid vigor.

A

Overdominance

128
Q

two (both) alleles of a single locus are responsible for the production of two phenotypically distinct and detectable gene products.

A

Codominance

129
Q

a gene or pair of gene which affect the expression of genes in other loci or chromosomes, not allelic (epistasis)

A

Epistatic Interaction

130
Q

A pair of chromosomes in each normal body cell, called sex chromosomes, determines the sex of the zygote.

A

Inheritance of sex and sex-linkage

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