Part II Flashcards
An irregularity on an image that is not caused by the proper shadowing of tissue by the primary beam
Any undesirable optical densities structures, or blemishes recorded on the radiograph
Artifacts
Caused by the inclusion of anatomical parts of the body in the region of interest
Anatomical Structure Artifacts
3 Categories of Artifacts
Exposure
Handling and Storage
Film Processing
Usually occur when the RT conducts the examination
Causes the largest no of repeats
Exposure Artfacts
Exposure Artifacts [M.I.W.D.W.I.R]
Motion
Improper
Wrong S-F Match
Double Exposure
Warped Cxt
Improper Grid Position
Radiopaque Materials
[caca ] motion
C: Due to improper patient pos’n, lack of comm skills, pt conditions
A: blurring, unsharpness, underexposed
CA: provide sufficient pt prep, clear and concise instructions to achieve good cooperation, assess pt condition, reduce expo time
[CACA] Improper patient position
C: technical skills, inadequate rotating or turning with optimum angulation, pt conditions
A: overlapping struc, obscuring roi, distortion, magnification
CA: identify the proper standard/motif technique, use accessories fro better posi
IPP - Magnification
Object closer to film = [..],[..]
Object far from film = [..],[..]
Object closer to film = closer to normal size - sharper margins
Object far from film = magnified - less distinct margins
X-ray beam does not pass perp to long axis of structure
Differential magnification of structure
IPP-Foreshoretening/distortion
a form of distortion. Lesions may be masked by a typical superimposition on normal anatomy
IPP - D istortion - Patient Rotation
[CACA] Wrong S-F Match
C: improper match of screen and film combination eg. speed, film base
A: underexposed, overexposed, low and high contrast
CA: properly selected the film and screen combi, identify the film base and screen
[CACA] Poor Screen Contact
C: due to film and screen is not fit properly
A: high density at poor area, obscuring pathology
CA: replace the screen, qc test
[CACA] Double Exposurse
C: expose the same film twice
A: overexposed, overlapping, blurring
CA: repeat the new film
[CACA] warped cassette
C: leaking of light, poor cassette condition
A: focal fog, high density
CA: replace cassette, check the cxt condition, qc test
[CACA] Improper Grid Position
C: upside down, wrongly selected grid ratio and types
A: underexposed
CA: check the label; and ration, ensure grid is positioned properly
[CACA] Radiopaque Material
C: post-operation (plating), jewelries, metallic objects
A: radiopacity, white, obstructing ROI
CA: remove all radiopaque materials, double check
Occur during the processing
Most are pressure type artifacts-caused by the transport system of the processor
Film Processing A.
Film Processing A. [E.G.Pi.Di.C.We.S.Re]
Emulsion pick-off
Guide-shoe Marks
Pi Lines
Dichronic Stain
Curtain Effect
Wet-pressure sensitization
Streaking
Reticulation Marks
[cause] Emulsion pick off
[cause] emulsion is picked off or removed from emulsion of film base.
My be a result of two images stuck together b/d processing and pulled apart or GLUTARALDEHYDE FAILURE
[cause] guide shoe marks
[cause] made by jagged edges of guide shoes bc they are bent, worn, damaged or incorrectly adjusted and run parallel to the direction the film travels
Also occurs with improperly seated transport racks or rollers
[CA ] pi lines
C: occur at 3.24 in intervals bc of dirt or chemical stain on roller
A: appear and regular intervals perp the direction of the film travel
[CA] Dichronic Stain
C: improper/inadequate chemistry term. Radiograph: yellow, green, blue, purple
Continued dev’t in the fixer, never occur in automatic p.
A: presence of brown or green stains.
Dichronic Stain: Brown indication \ Green indication
B: Oxidized developer of hyporetention from several yrs of storage
G: presence of underexposed and underdeveloped silver halide crystals reaming on film after processing caused by incomplete fixation
[CA] Curtain Effect
C: improper/inadequate chemistry, in slow processors the chemistry may not be squeezed from the film, either runs down the edge or runs up the trailing edge
A: resemble a lace of curtain, can also occur when wash water is dirty
[CA] wet-pressure sensitization
C: Produced in the developerrank, irregular or dirty rollers will cause pressure during dev’t and produce small circular patterns of increased density
A: entrance rollers (soft rubber) or the film become wet before film is introduced, the combination of pressure and water marks forms a series of dark stripes that math the grooves of the rollers
[CA] Streaking
C: failure of agitation, improper circulation system of automatic s.
A: uneven solution, high temp causing excessive expansion and contraction of film emulsion during processing
[CA] Reticulation Marks
C: uneven solution, high temp causing excessive expansion and contraction of film emulsion during processing
A: network of fine grooves in the film surface
Can be caused by improper handling or storage either before, during and after processing
Handling and storage artifacts
[cause] light fog
White leaks and improper safelight or intensities
[cause] radiation fog
X-ray exposed (leaving cxt in examination room)
[cause] static
Build up of electrons in the emulsion and most noticeable during extremely low humidity (smudge)
Static electricity by friction {tree and crown)
[cause] kink marks
Fingernail or abrupt bending
[cause] hyporetension
Residual thiosulphate which remains during washing and the slowly buildup of silver sulfide
[C CA] fingerprints
C: black: developer on fp; white: oil or fixer on fp
CA: keep fingers dry and clean; touch only film edges
