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IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > Part I: Fundamentals > Flashcards

Part I: Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

process by which as host organisms protects itself from attack by both external and internal agents.

A

Immunity

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2
Q
  • primary lines of defense
  • early development
  • nonspecific
  • natural
  • immediately available
  • mechanism does not alter on repeated exposures to antigen
A

Innate Immunity

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3
Q
  • secondary and tertiary
    lines of defense
  • supplements provided
  • late development
  • more specific
  • specialized
  • acquired by contact with
    a specific foreign antigen
  • capable of developing
    memory
A

Adaptive Immunity

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4
Q

-skin
-mucous membranes
-tissues
-tears
-saliva
-ph of vagina (women)
-sweat
-cilia
-hydrochloric acid of the
stomach

A

Innate Immunity

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5
Q

they develop in lifetime.

A

Adaptive Immunity

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6
Q

Two Classifications of Adaptive Immunity

A
  • ACTIVE
  • PASSIVE
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7
Q

means that your
body develops the
immunity.

A

Active

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8
Q

you have been exposed to
antigen. It is natural due to
the exposure from that
particular antigen,your
body have been developed
an antibody.

A

Active Natural

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9
Q

you are not exposed to the
pathogen but you develop
an antibody by vaccination.

A

Active Artificial

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10
Q

means that antibody came from a person or from a
pre-formed reagent or
chemical

A

Passive

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11
Q

the antibody
came from another
individual. (Colostrum)

A

Passive Natural

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12
Q

this is already a pre-formed antibody, in a one vial or reagent it has an antibodies

A

passive artificial

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13
Q

First Line of Defense

A

biochemical and physical

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14
Q

physical first line of defense

A

● Intact skin
● Mucous membrane
● Cilia
● Cough reflex

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15
Q

biochemical first line of defense

A

● Sweat
● Tears
● Saliva
● Mucus
● Low vaginal pH

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16
Q

Second Line of Defense

A

Cellular
Humoral

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17
Q

Second Line of Defense

Cellular : (2)

A

NK
Macrophanges

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18
Q

Second Line of Defense

Humoral : (3)

A
  1. Complement pathway
  2. Cytokines
  3. Acute inflammatory reaction
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19
Q

Second Line of Defense

Humoral : Complement Pathway (3)

A
  1. Alternative pathway
  2. Classical Pathway
  3. Mannose or Mannan binding Lectin pathway
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20
Q

Pathway that is observed in 2nd line of defense

A

Alternative pathway

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21
Q

Second Line of Defense

Humoral : they are known as the guards (2)

A
  1. Interferons
  2. Interleukins
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22
Q

Second Line of Defense

Humoral : (2)

A
  1. C-reactive protein
  2. FIbrinogen
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23
Q

Third Line of Defense:
Cellular

A

lymphocytes (B-cell and T-cell)

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24
Q

Third Line of Defense:

Cellular : Responsible for the
development of the memory

A

B-cell

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25
Q

Third Line of Defense:

Cellular : Helps maintain the number of lymphocytes

A

T-cell

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26
Q

Third Line of Defense:
Humoral (3)

A
  1. Antibodies
  2. Complement
  3. Cytokines
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27
Q

Immunity Response

Stimulus: 1st exposure Ag
Lag Phase: Days to months
Type of Antibody: IgM -> IgG
Titer: Slowly Rise, Peak, Decline

A

Primary

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28
Q

Immunity Response

Stimulus: Subsequent exposure
Lag Phase: up to hours
Type of Antibody: IgG
Titer: Rise fast, Peak, Elevated longer

A

Secondary

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29
Q

IgM will not stay; IgG persist, stays longer

A

isotype switching

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30
Q

A substance recognized by the body as being foreign, which can cause an immune response

A

Antigen

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31
Q

In blood bank, Antigen is usually found in

A

RBC cell membrane

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32
Q

Referring to antigens that are a product of allelic genes

A

Antithetical Antigens

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33
Q

Antithetical Antigens

[K]

A

Kell

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34
Q

Antithetical Antigens

[k]

A

cellano

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35
Q

The affinity of an antibody and the antigen against which it is directed.

A

Antigen Specificity

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36
Q

Blood Group Antigens (3)

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Glycolipids
  3. Glycoproteins
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37
Q

Blood Group Antigens

Proteins (3)

A

Rh
M
N

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38
Q

Blood Group Antigens

Glycolipids (3)

A

ABH
Lewis
Li

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39
Q

Blood Group Antigens

Glycoproteins (3)

A

Human Leukocyte
Antigens (HLA)

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40
Q

Also known as immunoglobulins/gamma
globulins (protein)

A

Antibody

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41
Q

Antibody is produced by mature B-cell called

A

Plasma cells

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42
Q

Primary antibodies are

A

IgM

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43
Q

Secondary antibodies

A

IgG

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44
Q
  • MONOMER
  • Smallest antibody
  • Stay for long period of time
  • Incomplete antibody
A

IgG

45
Q

IgG is Clinically associated with (3)

A

HDFN
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction

46
Q
  • First antibody to appear after
    immunization
  • Biggest antibody
  • PENTAMER
  • First antibody to appear during exposure to a particular
    pathogen
A

IgM

47
Q

Most Efficient Antibody : readily reacts with other antibody

A

IgM

48
Q

Antibody that can cross the placenta (2)

A

IgG1
IgG3 (predominant)

49
Q

Much higher concentrations in
secretions
● Saliva
● Gastric fluids

A

IgA

50
Q

Function uncertain

A

IgD

51
Q

Binds to basophils and mast cells sensitizing them
for certain allergic reactions.

A

IgE

52
Q

Once the basophil has been
contracted with IgE it will form

A

HISTAMINE

53
Q

IgM

Valence:
Detection:

A

Valence: 10
Detection: Immediate spin

54
Q

IgG

Valence:
Detection:

A

Valence: 2
Detection: Antihuman globulin phase (COOMBS TEST)

55
Q

Produced in response to RBC
stimulation through transfusion, transplantation, or pregnancy.

A

Immune alloantibodies

56
Q

Form as a result of exposure to
environmental sources, such as
pollen, fungus, and bacteria, which have structures similar to some RBC antigens.

A

Naturally Occurring Alloantibodies

57
Q

Antibodies produced in one individual and then transmitted to another
individual via plasma-containing blood components or derivatives

A

Passively Acquired Antibodies

58
Q

antibodies directed against antigens expressed on one’s own RBCs and generally react with all RBCs tested

A

Autoantibodies

59
Q

Alloantibodies are those that cause decreased survival of RBCs possessing the target antigen.

A

Clinically significant
alloantibodies

60
Q

complex group of over 20
circulating and cell membrane proteins that have a
multitude of functions within the immune response

A

Complement System

61
Q

Complement System: Primary Roles

A

● Direct lysis of cells, bacteria, and enveloped viruses
● Assisting with opsonization to facilitate phagocytosis
● Production of peptide fragment split products, which play roles in
- vascular permeability
- smooth muscle contraction
- chemotaxis
- migration
- adherence

62
Q

End point of Complement Pathway

A

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

63
Q

branch of science that deals with the study of RBC
antigens and its corresponding antibodies.

A

Immunohematology

64
Q

branch of medicine that deals with blood transfusion

A

Transfusion Medicine

65
Q

process of donor selection, blood collection,
preparation and storage

A

Blood Banking

66
Q

In the laboratory, BB procedure are performed to
detect antigen-antibody reaction by means of

A

Agglutination

67
Q

Antibodies are to be tested use

A

SERUM

68
Q

Antigens are to be tested use

A

Red cell suspension (RCS)

69
Q

Antigens are also known as

A

Agglutinogens

70
Q

Antibody are also known as

A

Agglutinins

71
Q

When antibody is unknown, the _________ is used

A

ANTIGEN (RCS)

72
Q

When antigen is unknown, the _________ is used

A

ANTIBODY (TITING SERA)

73
Q

2 Ways to Detect Antibody-Interaction

A
  1. Hemolysis
  2. Hemagglutination
74
Q

Complete destruction of red cell ; clear supernatant

A

Hemolysis

75
Q

Hemolysis occurs due to the ff:

A
  1. Complement Protein Activation
  2. Strong agglutination reaction
  3. Physical manifestation of hemolysis
76
Q

Hemolysis

Blood: Hematuria

A

Intact cells

77
Q

Hemolysis

Blood: Hemoglobinuria

A

lysed; not intact cells

78
Q

Hemolysis

Urine: Hematuria

A

rbcs are still settled in the lower part of the test tube

79
Q

Hemolysis

Urine: Hemoglobinuria

A

no rbc is settled at the bottom

80
Q

● Cell clumping
● Most common serologic reaction (definitely
in blood banking) seen when there is Ag-Ab interaction

A

Hemagglutination

81
Q

Hemagglutination occurs due to

A

Lattice formation

82
Q

In laboratory there 2 antibodies of clinical
interest that are able to clump RBC

A

IgM and IgG

83
Q

To detect serologic reactions usually for agglutination reaction there are 2 steps:

A
  1. Sensitization
  2. Lattice formation
84
Q

The red blood cells are already
bound to series of
antibodies.

A

Lattice formation

85
Q

Factors Affecting Agglutination of RBC

A
  1. Antibody Length
  2. Zeta potential
  3. Antigen site and number
  4. Incubation
  5. pH Requirement
  6. Temperature Requirement
  7. Ab and Ag Concentration
86
Q

Antibody Length is Expressed in

A

Angstroms unit (A)

87
Q

Antibody Length: 1000A (longest)

A

IgM

88
Q

Antibody Length: 250A (shortest)

A

IgG

89
Q

A.K.A electric repulsion between RBC

A

Zeta Potential

90
Q

Decrease Zeta Potential

Incubation:
Sensitivity:
Agglutination:

A

Incubation: decrease/shorten
Sensitivity: increase
Agglutination: increase

91
Q

If the antigen of the RBCs are positioned on the
outer part of the cell membrane, there is a

A

FASTER AGGLUTINATION

92
Q

If the antigen are positioned at the inner part
of the cell membrane there is a delay/decrease

A

DELAY AGGLUTINATION REACTION

93
Q

Length of Incubation time

If zP is INCREASED, there is an
increased electric repulsion resulting in

A

longer incubation time

94
Q

Length of Incubation time

If zP is DECREASED, there is an
decreased electric repulsion resulting in

A

Shorter Incubation

95
Q

what is added to lower zeta potential

A

Potentiators

96
Q

Example of Potentiators (3)

A

Enzymes
Albumin
Reagent (2) - Bovine albumin, LISS

97
Q

Reaction temperature

IgM

A

25-30 (ROOM TEMP)

98
Q

Reaction temperature

IgM - Refrigerator (typing sera)

A

4

99
Q

Reaction temperature

IgG

A

37 deg (BODY TEMPERATURE’ clinically signficant)

100
Q

Ab reacts at a pH plasma pH

A

(7.35-7.45) - neutral

101
Q

Some Ab that reacts at lower pH such as Anti M

A

6.0-6.5

102
Q

Process to detect optimatal reactivity of Anti-M

A

Acidosis (acidification)

103
Q

when optimal reaction of Ag reacts with optimal concentration of Ab

A

Point of Equivalence

104
Q

When either Ag or Ab is excessive, there will be

A

Zonal Effect/Phenomenon

105
Q

Ab is excessive

A

Prozone

106
Q

Remedy: Ab is excessive

A

Dilution of serum (Serial dilution)

107
Q

Ag is excessive

A

Postzone

108
Q

Remedy: Ag is excessive

A

Dilute RBC by adding diluent by
RCS or by adding concentration of NSS

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (4 decks)

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