Part I: Fundamentals Flashcards
1
Q
process by which as host organisms protects itself from attack by both external and internal agents.
A
Immunity
2
Q
- primary lines of defense
- early development
- nonspecific
- natural
- immediately available
- mechanism does not alter on repeated exposures to antigen
A
Innate Immunity
3
Q
- secondary and tertiary
lines of defense - supplements provided
- late development
- more specific
- specialized
- acquired by contact with
a specific foreign antigen - capable of developing
memory
A
Adaptive Immunity
4
Q
-skin
-mucous membranes
-tissues
-tears
-saliva
-ph of vagina (women)
-sweat
-cilia
-hydrochloric acid of the
stomach
A
Innate Immunity
5
Q
they develop in lifetime.
A
Adaptive Immunity
6
Q
Two Classifications of Adaptive Immunity
A
- ACTIVE
- PASSIVE
7
Q
means that your
body develops the
immunity.
A
Active
8
Q
you have been exposed to
antigen. It is natural due to
the exposure from that
particular antigen,your
body have been developed
an antibody.
A
Active Natural
9
Q
you are not exposed to the
pathogen but you develop
an antibody by vaccination.
A
Active Artificial
10
Q
means that antibody came from a person or from a
pre-formed reagent or
chemical
A
Passive
11
Q
the antibody
came from another
individual. (Colostrum)
A
Passive Natural
12
Q
this is already a pre-formed antibody, in a one vial or reagent it has an antibodies
A
passive artificial
13
Q
First Line of Defense
A
biochemical and physical
14
Q
physical first line of defense
A
● Intact skin
● Mucous membrane
● Cilia
● Cough reflex
15
Q
biochemical first line of defense
A
● Sweat
● Tears
● Saliva
● Mucus
● Low vaginal pH
16
Q
Second Line of Defense
A
Cellular
Humoral
17
Q
Second Line of Defense
Cellular : (2)
A
NK
Macrophanges
18
Q
Second Line of Defense
Humoral : (3)
A
- Complement pathway
- Cytokines
- Acute inflammatory reaction
19
Q
Second Line of Defense
Humoral : Complement Pathway (3)
A
- Alternative pathway
- Classical Pathway
- Mannose or Mannan binding Lectin pathway
20
Q
Pathway that is observed in 2nd line of defense
A
Alternative pathway
21
Q
Second Line of Defense
Humoral : they are known as the guards (2)
A
- Interferons
- Interleukins
22
Q
Second Line of Defense
Humoral : (2)
A
- C-reactive protein
- FIbrinogen
23
Q
Third Line of Defense:
Cellular
A
lymphocytes (B-cell and T-cell)
24
Q
Third Line of Defense:
Cellular : Responsible for the
development of the memory
A
B-cell
25
Third Line of Defense:
Cellular : Helps maintain the number of lymphocytes
T-cell
26
Third Line of Defense:
Humoral (3)
1. Antibodies
2. Complement
3. Cytokines
27
Immunity Response
Stimulus: 1st exposure Ag
Lag Phase: Days to months
Type of Antibody: IgM -> IgG
Titer: Slowly Rise, Peak, Decline
Primary
28
Immunity Response
Stimulus: Subsequent exposure
Lag Phase: up to hours
Type of Antibody: IgG
Titer: Rise fast, Peak, Elevated longer
Secondary
29
IgM will not stay; IgG persist, stays longer
isotype switching
30
A substance recognized by the body as being foreign, which can cause an immune response
Antigen
31
In blood bank, Antigen is usually found in
RBC cell membrane
32
Referring to antigens that are a product of allelic genes
Antithetical Antigens
33
Antithetical Antigens
[K]
Kell
34
Antithetical Antigens
[k]
cellano
35
The affinity of an antibody and the antigen against which it is directed.
Antigen Specificity
36
Blood Group Antigens (3)
1. Proteins
2. Glycolipids
3. Glycoproteins
37
Blood Group Antigens
Proteins (3)
Rh
M
N
38
Blood Group Antigens
Glycolipids (3)
ABH
Lewis
Li
39
Blood Group Antigens
Glycoproteins (3)
Human Leukocyte
Antigens (HLA)
40
Also known as immunoglobulins/gamma
globulins (protein)
Antibody
41
Antibody is produced by mature B-cell called
Plasma cells
42
Primary antibodies are
IgM
43
Secondary antibodies
IgG
44
- MONOMER
- Smallest antibody
- Stay for long period of time
- Incomplete antibody
IgG
45
IgG is Clinically associated with (3)
HDFN
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
46
- First antibody to appear after
immunization
- Biggest antibody
- PENTAMER
- First antibody to appear during exposure to a particular
pathogen
IgM
47
Most Efficient Antibody : readily reacts with other antibody
IgM
48
Antibody that can cross the placenta (2)
IgG1
IgG3 (predominant)
49
Much higher concentrations in
secretions
● Saliva
● Gastric fluids
IgA
50
Function uncertain
IgD
51
Binds to basophils and mast cells sensitizing them
for certain allergic reactions.
IgE
52
Once the basophil has been
contracted with IgE it will form
HISTAMINE
53
IgM
Valence:
Detection:
Valence: 10
Detection: Immediate spin
54
IgG
Valence:
Detection:
Valence: 2
Detection: Antihuman globulin phase (COOMBS TEST)
55
Produced in response to RBC
stimulation through transfusion, transplantation, or pregnancy.
Immune alloantibodies
56
Form as a result of exposure to
environmental sources, such as
pollen, fungus, and bacteria, which have structures similar to some RBC antigens.
Naturally Occurring Alloantibodies
57
Antibodies produced in one individual and then transmitted to another
individual via plasma-containing blood components or derivatives
Passively Acquired Antibodies
58
antibodies directed against antigens expressed on one’s own RBCs and generally react with all RBCs tested
Autoantibodies
59
Alloantibodies are those that cause decreased survival of RBCs possessing the target antigen.
Clinically significant
alloantibodies
60
complex group of over 20
circulating and cell membrane proteins that have a
multitude of functions within the immune response
Complement System
61
Complement System: Primary Roles
● Direct lysis of cells, bacteria, and enveloped viruses
● Assisting with opsonization to facilitate phagocytosis
● Production of peptide fragment split products, which play roles in
- vascular permeability
- smooth muscle contraction
- chemotaxis
- migration
- adherence
62
End point of Complement Pathway
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
63
branch of science that deals with the study of RBC
antigens and its corresponding antibodies.
Immunohematology
64
branch of medicine that deals with blood transfusion
Transfusion Medicine
65
process of donor selection, blood collection,
preparation and storage
Blood Banking
66
In the laboratory, BB procedure are performed to
detect antigen-antibody reaction by means of
Agglutination
67
Antibodies are to be tested use
SERUM
68
Antigens are to be tested use
Red cell suspension (RCS)
69
Antigens are also known as
Agglutinogens
70
Antibody are also known as
Agglutinins
71
When antibody is unknown, the _________ is used
ANTIGEN (RCS)
72
When antigen is unknown, the _________ is used
ANTIBODY (TITING SERA)
73
2 Ways to Detect Antibody-Interaction
1. Hemolysis
2. Hemagglutination
74
Complete destruction of red cell ; clear supernatant
Hemolysis
75
Hemolysis occurs due to the ff:
1. Complement Protein Activation
2. Strong agglutination reaction
3. Physical manifestation of hemolysis
76
Hemolysis
Blood: Hematuria
Intact cells
77
Hemolysis
Blood: Hemoglobinuria
lysed; not intact cells
78
Hemolysis
Urine: Hematuria
rbcs are still settled in the lower part of the test tube
79
Hemolysis
Urine: Hemoglobinuria
no rbc is settled at the bottom
80
● Cell clumping
● Most common serologic reaction (definitely
in blood banking) seen when there is Ag-Ab interaction
Hemagglutination
81
Hemagglutination occurs due to
Lattice formation
82
In laboratory there 2 antibodies of clinical
interest that are able to clump RBC
IgM and IgG
83
To detect serologic reactions usually for agglutination reaction there are 2 steps:
1. Sensitization
2. Lattice formation
84
The red blood cells are already
bound to series of
antibodies.
Lattice formation
85
Factors Affecting Agglutination of RBC
1. Antibody Length
2. Zeta potential
3. Antigen site and number
4. Incubation
5. pH Requirement
6. Temperature Requirement
7. Ab and Ag Concentration
86
Antibody Length is Expressed in
Angstroms unit (A)
87
Antibody Length: 1000A (longest)
IgM
88
Antibody Length: 250A (shortest)
IgG
89
A.K.A electric repulsion between RBC
Zeta Potential
90
Decrease Zeta Potential
Incubation:
Sensitivity:
Agglutination:
Incubation: decrease/shorten
Sensitivity: increase
Agglutination: increase
91
If the antigen of the RBCs are positioned on the
outer part of the cell membrane, there is a
FASTER AGGLUTINATION
92
If the antigen are positioned at the inner part
of the cell membrane there is a delay/decrease
DELAY AGGLUTINATION REACTION
93
Length of Incubation time
If zP is INCREASED, there is an
increased electric repulsion resulting in
longer incubation time
94
Length of Incubation time
If zP is DECREASED, there is an
decreased electric repulsion resulting in
Shorter Incubation
95
what is added to lower zeta potential
Potentiators
96
Example of Potentiators (3)
Enzymes
Albumin
Reagent (2) - Bovine albumin, LISS
97
Reaction temperature
IgM
25-30 (ROOM TEMP)
98
Reaction temperature
IgM - Refrigerator (typing sera)
4
99
Reaction temperature
IgG
37 deg (BODY TEMPERATURE' clinically signficant)
100
Ab reacts at a pH plasma pH
(7.35-7.45) - neutral
101
Some Ab that reacts at lower pH such as Anti M
6.0-6.5
102
Process to detect optimatal reactivity of Anti-M
Acidosis (acidification)
103
when optimal reaction of Ag reacts with optimal concentration of Ab
Point of Equivalence
104
When either Ag or Ab is excessive, there will be
Zonal Effect/Phenomenon
105
Ab is excessive
Prozone
106
Remedy: Ab is excessive
Dilution of serum (Serial dilution)
107
Ag is excessive
Postzone
108
Remedy: Ag is excessive
Dilute RBC by adding diluent by
RCS or by adding concentration of NSS
