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Ultrasonography > Part I > Flashcards

Part I Flashcards

1
Q

-oscillation accompanied by the transfer of energy that travel through a medium or a vacuum
-has cyclic variations

A

Waves

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2
Q

the back and forth movement at a regular speed

A

Oscillation

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3
Q

-any sequence of changes in molecular motion
-one compression and one rarefaction

A

Cycle

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4
Q

transmittal to distant regions remote from the sound source

A

Propagation

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5
Q

2 Types of Propagation

A

Compression
Rarefaction

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6
Q

-area of longitudinal wave where particle are spread apart (low pressure)
-occurs after compression, compressed particles intransfer energy

A

Rarefaction

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7
Q

-area of the longitudinal wave where where particle are close together (high pressure) ex. soundwave
-mechanical deformation

A

Compression

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8
Q

2 Types of Wave

A

Longitudinal Wave
Transverse Wave

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9
Q

particle in the medium oscillates in the same direction as the wave energy propagation or PARALLEL with each other

A

Longitudinal Wave

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10
Q

oscillates PERPENDICULAR to the direction as the wave displacement (perpendicular with velocity of propagation)

A

Transverse Wave

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11
Q

series of compression and rarefaction, wave front - longitudinal waves

A

Sound

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12
Q

reflection of incident energy pulse

A

Echoes

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13
Q

T/F sound waves travel faster in solid than in gas

A

True

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14
Q

4 Acoustic Variables

A

Pressure
Density
Temperature
Distance (Particle Motion)

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15
Q

[acoustic variable]
-concentration of force
-force divided by the area in a fluid
-Pascal = 1 N/m²
-atm = 760 mmHg
-kg/ms² or lbs/in²

A

Pressure

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16
Q

[acoustic variable]
-concentration of medium particles (matter)
-kg/m²

A

Density

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17
Q

[acoustic variable]
-warming of particle within energy
-C°, F°, K

A

Temperature

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18
Q

[acoustic variable]
-particle displacement between wave
-m, ft

A

Distance

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19
Q

normal audible sound (Hz)

A

20 to 20, 000 Hz

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20
Q

-low frequency sound
-below 20 Hz

A

Infrasound

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21
Q

-above 20,000 Hz or 20 kHz
-frequency greater than upper limit of the human hearing range

A

Ultrasound

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22
Q

-utilize 3 to 10 MHz
-uses ultrasound energy and acoustic properties of the body to produce image

A

Diagnostic Ultrasound

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23
Q

utilize 15 to 20 MHz

A

Therapeutic Ultrasound

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24
Q

-(a) pulse transmitted through medium, (b) reach tissue (c) create echoes, (d) sound is reflected
-acquire and record echoes arising from tissue interfaces
-construct “acoustic map” of tissues

A

Pulse Echo

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25
Q

[year; animal]
-naturally occurring animals produces ultrasounds
-has transceivers

A

1790-Bats

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26
Q

[year; person]
-discovered Piezoelectric Effect

A

1880-Pierre Curie

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27
Q

‘piezin’ Greek work, means [.. ]

A

To press

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28
Q

polarization of substances when they are pressed

A

Piezoelectric Effect

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29
Q

basic fundamental principle of ultrasound

A

Polarization

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30
Q

[year; person]
-published about high frequency; sound and the possibility of using sound to produce images

A

Roentgen

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31
Q

-“HEART” of ultrasound
-can transmit and receive sound

A

Transducer

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32
Q

first transducer used to detect icebergs

A

Hydrophone

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33
Q

-first active material in transducer
-first piezoelectric material used in transducer
-when hit with electricity, it will produce sound waves
-can produce and receive sound

A

Quartz

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34
Q

[event]
-developed SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging)
-bombard the ocean depths to know the presence of enemies

A

WWI

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35
Q

[year; used in..]
-transducer used in industry as a testing agent

A

1940s- frictional heat for sealing thermal plastic package

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36
Q

[year]
-ultrasound used in field of medicine

A

1950s

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37
Q

[year]
-first ultrasound machine
-big as an iron

A

1980s

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38
Q

2 Types of Biological Effects

A

Thermal Effects
Mechanical Effects

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39
Q

-biologic tissues absorb ultrasound energy and convert it to heat
-dependent in rate of heart deposition and heat removal dissipation

A

Thermal Effects

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40
Q

-dependent/determined on ultrasound intensity and absorption co-efficient of tissues
-ex. bone - high absorption co-efficient

A

heat deposition

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41
Q

-tissue temperature rises 1-2° (below damaging level)

A

Diagnostic Ultrasound

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42
Q

can apply damaging levels with high frequency and longer pulse duration

A

Some Doppler Instruments

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43
Q

-radiation pressure is an effect of [..]

A

Mechanical Effect

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44
Q

movement of particles in the medium or a torque of the tissue structures in the acoustic streaming

A

Radiation Pressure

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45
Q

steady circulatory flow

A

Acoustic Streaming

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46
Q

-sonically generated activity of highly compressible bodies composed of gas and/or vapor
-by high energy deposition over a sort period (short pulses)

A

Cavitation

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47
Q

2 Types of Cavitation

A

Stable Cavitation
Transient Cavitation

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48
Q

peak pulse needed to power for transient cavitation to occur

A

1kW/cm²

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49
Q

High Power Levels/Longer Duration Doppler Studies
[two damages]

A

Macroscopic Damage
Microscopic Damage

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50
Q

[damage] ex. rupturing of blood vessels, lower duration doppler studies, breaking up of cells

A

Macroscopic Damage

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51
Q

[damage] ex. breaking of chromosomes, changes in cell mitotic index

A

Microscopic Damage

52
Q

below threshold for known adverse effects

A

Typical Doppler Studies

53
Q

no bioeffects below an ISPTA (Intensity Spatial Peak Temporal Average) of [..]

A

100 mW/cm²

54
Q

waves formed by variations in acoustic variable

A

Soundwaves

55
Q

-particle motion parallel to wave motion
-used in soundwaves

A

Longitudinal Waves

56
Q

-sound waves are classified as [..]
-requires medium to travel
-carry energy not matter
-travel in straight lines

A

Mechanical Waves

57
Q

EXPLAIN Piezoelectric Effect

A
  1. Conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy TRANSMISSION of the sound beam
  2. Conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy RECEIVING the reflected beam information - analyzed by the UTZ machine
58
Q

vibrates to emit mechanical sound/pressure waves (UTZ waves) when electricity is applied to it

A

Piezoelectric Crystal

59
Q

Two Types of Wave Production

A

Continuous Wave Production
Pulse Wave Production

60
Q

[wave production]
-more efficient
-requires two piezoelectric elements, one to transmit and one to receive

A

Continuous Wave Production

61
Q

[wave production]
-uses one piezoelectric element and alternates using it to transmit and receive soundwaves

A

Pulse Wave Production

62
Q

-λ
-distance travelled by one cycle
-distance between rarefaction and compression or between crests
-mm or um

A

Wavelength

63
Q

-f
-no. of complete cycles per second
-Hz

64
Q

-T (Time)
-time duration of one cycle
-T=1/f
-inversely proportional with frequencies
-sec,ms,um

65
Q

-c
-speed at which the pressure wave ,oves through the medium
-largely determined by resistance of a medium to compression

A

Propagation Velocity

66
Q

propagation velocity formula:

A

-c = λf
-c = √B/p
B (bulk modulus) -stiffness of a medium and resistance to compression
p (density)

67
Q

Relationships of Propagation Velocity

A

↑Compressibility - c↓
↑Stiffness - c↑
↑Density - c↓

68
Q

resistance to bend of medium

69
Q

[propagation velocity]
AIR

70
Q

[propagation velocity]
LUNG

71
Q

[propagation velocity]
FAT

72
Q

[propagation velocity]
WATER

73
Q

[propagation velocity]
SOFT TISSUE

74
Q

[propagation velocity]
KIDNEY

75
Q

[propagation velocity]
LIVER

76
Q

[propagation velocity]
MUSCLE

77
Q

[propagation velocity]
BONE

78
Q

λ = c/f
Determined by frequency and speed
Determines spatial resolution along the direction of the beam

A

Ultrasound wavelength

79
Q

p
Caused by particle displacement and pressure variation in the propagation medium
Pa= 1N/m2
14.7 psi

A

Pressure amplitude

80
Q

Peak maximum or peak minimum value from the average pressure on medium

A

Pressure amplitude

81
Q

Pressure amplitude of diagnostic ultrasound beams

82
Q

Rate of energy production, absorption or flow
Watt (W) = J/s

83
Q

I
Loudness,distribution of particles
Amount of power per unit area
1 W/cm2 = P/cm2

84
Q

Wave interference patterns

A

Constructive
Distractive
Complex

85
Q

2 waves with the same frequency and phase, result in a higher amplitude wave

A

Constructive

86
Q

Waves of phase result in a lower amplitude output wave

A

Disruptive

87
Q

Waves of different frequencies interact resulting in areas of higher and lower amplitude

88
Q

Negative ratio of stress

A

Bulk Modulus

89
Q

T/F - Decibel signal is attenuated; + signal is amplified

90
Q

All transmitted waves emit smaller wavelets that also emit soundwaves

A

Huygen’s Principles

91
Q

Composed of dipolar molecules

A

Crystalline materials

92
Q

Natural materials [piezoelectric]

A

Quartz t
Tourmaline
Rochelle Salt

93
Q

Synthetic materials [piezoelectric]

A

Lead zirconate titanate
Barium titanate
Lead metaniobate
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
Lithium sulphate

94
Q

Intermittently transmitted
Listening time - majority of he time
Receiving reflective echoes

A

Pulse wave production

95
Q

Number of cycles in a pulse
Time from beginning until end of pulse

A

Pulse duration

96
Q

Wavelength times the number of cycles in a pulse
Physical length of pulse

A

Pulse duration

97
Q

Pulse duration plus listening time
Time from the onset of pulse until the start of the next pulse

A

Pulse repetition period

98
Q

Percentage of time that the transducer is emitting soundwaves
DF =PD/PRP

A

Duty Factor

99
Q

Duty factor in [pulse prod.] [continuous prod.]

A

Pulse wave -low in DF bc majority is listening time rather than emitting
Continuous wave - 1 bc always emit soundwaves

100
Q

Pulse Wave Intensities
I SPTP
I SPTA
I SATP
I SATA
I SPPA
I SAPA

A

S- Spatial
P- Peak/Pulse
A- Average
T- Temporal

101
Q

Interaction of UTZ with Matter

A

Absorption
Reflection
Refraction
Attenuation

102
Q

Conversion of energy of soundwaves to heat within the medium
[proportional with frequency]
Can cause thermal effects

A

Absorption

103
Q

z
Give rise to differentiation in transmission and reflection of ultrasound energy

A

Acoustic Impedence

104
Q

Only process where sound energy is dissipated into a medium

A

Absorption

105
Q

Explains how particles of a substance behave when subjected to pressure waves
Z=pc
Kg/m2/s

A

Acoustic impedance

106
Q

Differences between acoustic impedance at the interface
Determine the amount of energy reflected at the interface

A

Impedance mismatch

107
Q

determined by the size and surface features of the interface

A

Reflection

108
Q

A fraction of incident energy reflected by the acoustic interference

A

R (reflection coefficient)

109
Q

Types of Reflectors

A

Speculation reflectors
Diffuse Reflectors

110
Q

Large and relatively smooth interfaces
Reflects sounds like a “Mirror”

A

Speculation reflectors

111
Q

Specular reflector examples

A

Diaphragm, urine filled bladder, endometrial stripe

112
Q

T/F Echoes return to transducers only if the sound beam is perpendicular to the interface

113
Q

smaller interfaces of the body where most echoes arise
Echoes are scattered in all directions

A

Diffuse reflectors

114
Q

Major interaction of reflected beams
Occurs at the interface between two dissimilar materials

A

Reflection

115
Q

Mediums used in reflection

A

Medium 1: KY jelly
Medium 2: Skin of interest

116
Q

Change in direction of the soundwave when passing through tissues with different propagation velocities
Governed by Snell’s Law
One of the cause of misinterpretation

A

Refraction

117
Q

Nonspecular reflection
Responsible for creating echoes of internal organs

A

Scattering

118
Q

Scattering is prominent in these organs

A

Kidney
Pancreas
Spleen
Liver

119
Q

Explain SNELL’S LAW

A

For a given pair of media, the ratio of the series of angle of incidence Ø1 and angle of refraction Ø2 is equal to the ratio of phase velocities (c1/c2)

120
Q

Loss/transfer of energy to tissue as sound passes through it
Combined effects of absorption, refraction and scattering

A

Attenuation

121
Q

No echo
Fluid bile (lipids), blood (hemorrhage)

122
Q

Low echogenicity
Fats

A

Hypoechoic

123
Q

Similar echogenicity

124
Q

Moderate to high echogenecity
Stones, fibrous plaques

A

Hyper echoic/echogenic

125
Q

Strongly echogenic with acoustic shadow
Stone bone

126
Q

Not uniform or diverse in echogenicity

A

Inhomogenous/heterogenous

127
Q

Mixed echogenicity
Solid and cystic components

Ultrasonography (10 decks)

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