Part 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical Properties of Substances

A

Are observable characteristics that change without modifying the identity of the substance

one example is state of matter: liquid, solid, and gas.

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2
Q

Hydrogen

A

when two atoms of hydrogen and an oxygen atom combine, they form a water molecule, a substance that is liquid at room temp.

at room temperature hydrogen and oxygen are both gases

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3
Q

Boiling Point

A

temperature at which a substance boils, changing its state from liquid to gas

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4
Q

Melting point

A

is a constant that is indicative of substance

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5
Q

Quantity of a substance

A

The quantity of a substance is taken into account when considering the amount of energy needed to bring the substance toward either of these point

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6
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

Is a measure of the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius.

But both boiling and melting point are the results of intermolecular forces and therefore are independent of the quantity of the substance.

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7
Q

Intensive Properties

A

physical properties that are independent of the amount of substance present

for an atom of an element or a molecule made of one different elements, intensive properties can be assessed for substance identification.

ex: Luster, conductivity, malleability, and density are other intensive properties

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8
Q

Extensive Properties

A

Are those characteristics of a substance that depend on the size of a sample like length, volume, mass and energy, enthalpy, and entropy.

Independently, volume and mass cannot be used for substance identification, but density can because it takes both size and mass of a substance sample into account and its constant for each substance.

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9
Q

Chemical Properties

A

Are a function of chemical reactivity of the substance

these characteristics control how one substance can be changed into another substance

the change in composition of a substance incorporates the breaking or creation of bonds.

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10
Q

Properties role in biological systems

A

The physical and chemical property of a substance affects its role in biological systems.

a substance’s properties determine the kinds of bonds it will form with other substances

waters unique properties and development of diffusion gradients that drive osmosis results from physical and chemical properties of the substances involved.

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11
Q

Polar Bonds and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

Depending on the substances involved, covalent bonds can be either polar or non polar.

If and where polar or non polar covalent bonds form in a substance influences whether a region of a molecule has partial charges.

Partial charges on regions of a molecule make it attracted to or repulsed by other substances with partial or full charges.

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12
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

is a weak bond formed between the partial negative region of one oxygen atom and partial positive region of a hydrogen atom.

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13
Q

How water sticks?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the partial positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the partially negatively charged oxygen atom of another water molecule makes water stick to itself through cohesion and to other molecules through adhesion.

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14
Q

Cohesion

A

Cohesion creates surface tension, and cohesion together with adhesion are behind the capillary action that moves water up plant xylem.

Breaking up the multitude of hydrogen bonds between water requires a lot of energy, so water is said to have a specific heat capacity.

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15
Q

Water and solid density

A

Another unusual property of water that is due to hydrogen bonds is that liquid water is denser than solid water.

Ice floats on water because more hydrogen bonds form between water with lower kinetic energy

these intermolecular bonds maintain individual water molecules at a greater distance than they would be without as many hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

is the passive movement of a substance from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

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17
Q

Ions Movement

A

Ions are unable to pass through the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane so their movement into or out of a cell depends on specialized ion channels on the membrane.

some of these channels have the ability to pump ions against their concentration gradients

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18
Q

osmosis

A

is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane such as a cell membrane

like ions, water does not move easily through the cell membrane’s lipid bilayer

Osmosis doesn’t require the cell to use any energy for its transport, but for water or other substances to move from areas of low to high concentrations, energy must be expended by the cell.

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19
Q

Kelvin

A

0 Kelvin = -273 C, molecules are in constant motion

kelvin is a unit used to measure temperature, but not heat cuz heat is measured in units of calories or joules.

heat can be though of as energy that can be generated by or applied to a substance or system

temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of a substance so it is not the same

20
Q

Phase of a substance

A

depends on two conditions: temperature and pressure

increasing temperature has a tendency to move particles of matter apart, and increasing pressure has a tendency to move particles of matter together

21
Q

Phase Change

A

A certain substance particular amounts of thermal energy (heat) must be gained or lost in order to change the substance by one degree in temperature

the temperature of a substance hot or cold is in direct relationship to the amount of movement within the substances molecules and atoms.

When pressure is held constant, the temperature of a substance can be observed as a predictable function of the amount of thermal energy (heat) applied or removed from that substance.

22
Q

Solids

A

The state at the lowest temperature of a substance has the least amount of intermolecular movement is the solid phase

the solid phase is the state of matter that will retain its shape and density when not contained.

23
Q

Melting

A

is the phase change of any substance from a solid to a liquid

when a substance in a liquid state loses enough energy to be below its melting point temperature it returns to a solid state

24
Q

Freezing

A

Is the transition of a liquid to a solid

25
Q

Liquid

A

is a state of matter that has definite volume but not definite shape

26
Q

Boiling

A

the transition of a substance from a liquid to a gas when it acquires enough energy to reach its boiling point

27
Q

Evaporation

A

is another way of defining the phase change from liquid to gas

evaporation does not require that the substance acquire enough energy to reach its boiling point

28
Q

Gas

A

is a state of matter composed of molecules in constant random motion.

gas does not have definite volume or shape, and it is highly compressible

29
Q

Condensation

A

When a substance in a gas state loses enough energy to below its boiling point temperature it returns to a liquid state

transition of a gas to a liquid

30
Q

Pressure and temperature

A

Increasing temperature has a tendency to move particles of matter apart while increasing pressure has a tendency to pack them close together

31
Q

Phase Diagram

A

is a graph of physical states of a substance under varying temperature and pressure

32
Q

triple point

A

is the temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gas phases of a pure substance coexist

33
Q

Sublimation

A

is the transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state

34
Q

Deposition

A

is the transition of a substance from gas to solid without passing through the liquid state

35
Q

Critical Point

A

the substance coexists in both its liquid and gas states

36
Q

Mass

A

items with a large amount of mass likely would be measured using kilograms not milligrams

better to say someone has a mass of 75kg instead of 75,000,000

37
Q

Measuring Mass

A

two ways is a triple beam balance and an electronic balance

38
Q

analytical balance

A

is for tiny materials

39
Q

Volume

A

Graduated cylinders are not precise and is fore range of volumes

volumetric flask is used when precision is required and is calibrated for a single volume

40
Q

Pipettes

A

are for dispensing smaller amounts of liquids

graduated pipettes deliver from .1 to 25ml and can easily dispense liquids in small increments

41
Q

Volumetric pipettes

A

are for high precision work

42
Q

Molecular and genetic test

A

Often use volumes that are less than 1ml

so micropipetting devices are used

ranges consist of 1ul to 10ul, 10ul to 100 ul and 100 ul to 1 ml (1000ul)

43
Q

Surveyor’s wheel (measuring wheel)

A

for determining longer distances or along a nonlinear path

44
Q

Tape Measures

A

are marked in inches and centimeters for measuring linear distances

45
Q

Distance equation

A

Distance = (speed of sound) x time