Part 6

Question 1

Dominant Phenotype

Answer 1

the phenotype that is presented 100% of the time

Question 2

Recessive Phenotype

Answer 2

traits that are masked if dominant alleles are also present

Question 3

Phenotypes

Answer 3

are traits

Y or y

Question 4

Homozygous

Answer 4

Organisms that have a pair of identical alleles for a particular gene

a pea plant that is YY is homozygous dominant for seed color

One that is yy is homozygous recessive for seed color

Question 5

Heterozygous

Answer 5

if the organism has different alleles for a gene

one that is Yy is heterozygous

Question 6

Genotypes

Answer 6

are the three allele pairs so YY, Yy, yy

Question 7

Punnett Square

Answer 7

a handle mathematical tool for predicting the phenotypes of offspring based on the gene types of the parents.

Question 8

Punnet squares and chromosomes

Answer 8

Organisms like humans are diploid, meaning that their cells contain two sets of chromosomes.

We call the diploid state 2n, where n represents one set of chromosomes

Cell division in a diploid organism is preceded by replication of the genome. the duplicate chromosomes are organized and then separated from one another in a cell division process called mitosis so a cell that is 2n yields two new cells and each is 2n.

Question 9

Meiosis

Answer 9

The division process that produces gametes.

Gamete formation requires two rounds of cell division, including two rounds of nuclear division but with only one round of DNA replication and two pairs of chromosomes are divided into pairs of chromosomes, which are separated into individual chromosomes.

The results of this is haploid cells containing only a single chromosome set. SO for each special diploid cell (2n) that undergoes meiosis, four haploid gametes are formed (n + n + n + n)

Question 10

Monohybrid cross

Answer 10

it looks how a single trait is inherited when two heterozygotes are mated

Question 11

Dihybrid cross

Answer 11

a cross between parents heterozygous at two specific genes

reveal the process of independent assortment

the second law of inheritance is the law of independent assortment.

Question 12

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Answer 12

incomplete dominance, Codominance, Epistasis

traits that do not follow patterns of inheritance and expression

Question 13

incomplete Dominance

Answer 13

Incomplete dominance is apparent because the heterozygote exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous parents.

so if C is chestnut color and CR is cream if the gene type is C/CR the color is diluted by the cream making it a totally different color. This is incomplete dominance

Question 14

Codominance

Answer 14

sometimes two alleles can exhibit their phenotypes equally in the heterozygote

Blood type is determined by a gene that has three alleles i^A, i^B, and i

the children of parents who are i^A/i^A and I^B/I^B will be I^A/I^B

the i^A/i^A parent is type A, because it exhibits a particular sugar on the surface of its red blood cell and same with i^B/i^B it displays a different sugar. Their children are both type AB and exhibit both sugars.

people who have type O blood have neither sugar on their red blood cells and the genotype of people with type O blood is i/i

Question 15

Epistasis

Answer 15

Inheritance results from interactions among two or more genes

is a type of gene interaction in which the phenotype of a trait is the result of one gene’s alleles affecting the alleles of another independently inherited gene.

Black coat color dominant over chocolate so B/B or B/b and chocolate labs are b/b but there is a second gene that affects the pigment of the animals coat.

the deposition gene has two alleles E and e and E is dominant. Any lab that is homozygous recessive e/e for the deposition gene will be a yellow lab, regardless of the gene type B gene. So the E gene is epistatic on the B gene.

its only yellow when the deposition gene is homozygous recessive. so e/e doesnt matter what B is

Question 16

Atom

Answer 16

Is the fundamental constituent of matter that retains the properties of an element

Atoms can lose, gain, or share electrons to make a variety of chemical bonds of varying strengths and properties.

atoms undergo chemical reactions by gaining or losing electrons to achieve stability.

an atoms properties can be inferred by its position on the periodic table, which relates to the number of valence electrons in its outermost shell

Question 17

Elements and Atoms

Answer 17

the atoms of each element have distinct configurations that give the element unique chemical and physical properties, but all atoms are composed of the same three fundamental particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons

Where an element is represented on the periodic table is indicative of its number of protons, valence shell configuration, and chemical and physical properties

Question 18

Elements

Answer 18

the elements that make up the majority of living organism are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Every element has its own characteristic identity that determines how it will interact with other elements and these chemical properties depend on the structure of an elements smallest unit, the atom.

Question 19

Atom

Answer 19

Contains three primary types of components: electrons, protons, and neutrons

Question 20

Electrons

Answer 20

are negatively charged subatomic particles that move around the center of the atom in regions known as orbitals

each orbital can hold two electrons and orbitals group together to make up a shell.

Question 21

Orbitals and Shells

Answer 21

within shells, orbitals are arranged into subshells labeled s,p,d and F where s subshells are closest to the nucleus.

the number of orbitals and shells that an element’s atom contains depends on the number of electrons within the atom

Question 22

Valence electrons

Answer 22

Electrons in an atoms’s outermost shell are valence electrons and include the electrons involved in bonding between atoms.

Question 23

Neutrons

Answer 23

in the center of the atom, the atomic nucleus are subatomic particles without a charge

Question 24

Protons

Answer 24

Subatomic particles that are positive and are also located in an atom’s nucleus

Question 25

Periodic Table

Answer 25

a chart that organizes elements by their chemical properties

Question 26

Atomic Mass

Answer 26

is the sum of the mass of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element

the decimal component of the atomic mass is the result of averaging atomic versions of an element that differ in their number of neutrons

Question 27

Atomic Number

Answer 27

is the number of protons in one atom of an element

it is consistent to every atom of a particular element

arranges elements by increasing atomic number, starting at the upper left hand corner

Question 28

Period

Answer 28

the rows of the periodic table

each box contains information about an element that has one more proton per atom

numbered from top to bottom, starting with the number one and indicate the shell number that is the valence shell

Question 29

subshells etc

Answer 29

period numbers are also the same as the number of subshells within each shell.

Shell number 2 is the valence shell of an element in the second period, and that shell contains one subshells of s orbitals and one one subshells made up of three p orbitals.

Elements in period 3 have three subshells, subshells s, subshells P, and subshells D

the number of electrons in an atom of a period 3 element determines the number of orbitals occupied within each subshells

Question 30

Columns of the periodic table

Answer 30

Columns of the periodic table correspond to configurations of elements’ electrons in their valence shell.

Each column group contains elements that have similar chemical and physical properties

Question 31

Ways to Label groups

Answer 31

Two ways to label groups

the traditional way labels the groups with Roman numbers and the letter “A” or “B”

the number of valence electrons for an element in an “A” group is the same as its roman numberal

Question 32

Isotopes

Answer 32

Versions of the same elements with different numbers of neutrons are isotopes of each other

For example, carbon-12 has six protons and six neutrons, while carbon-14 has six protons and eight neutrons

could also have different electrons

Question 33

Atom in neutral state

Answer 33

In an atom’s neutral state, the number of protons and electrons are equal so the whole number in an elements box on the periodic table also indicates the number of electrons in an uncharged atom of that element.

Question 34

Ion

Answer 34

When the number of protons and electrons are not equal in an atom, the atom has a charge and is considered to be an ion

Because protons dont leave an atoms nucleus the only way that an atom can develop one or more full charges is by either gaining or losing electrons

Question 35

Cation

Answer 35

If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons, the positive charge of its protons shows through

as a result the charge of the ion is positively charged and called a cation

Question 36

Anion

Answer 36

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion called an anion

Question 37

Ionic Bond

Answer 37

Results from the attraction between two oppositely charged ions when one atom is strong enough to “steal” one, two, or three electrons from the other atom

Question 38

Covalent Bond

Answer 38

is the result of two or more atoms “sharing” electrons so that each atom involved becomes more stable

The electrons involved are not transferred from one atom to the other rather the electrons circulate in the orbitals of both atoms, where they are shared.

typical formed between “p” orbitals

Question 39

Ionic and Covalent Bond

Answer 39

The number of electrons involved is determined by how many valence electrons exist in the participating atoms

Question 40

Atoms stable state

Answer 40

At their most stable state when their valence shells are filled

with the exception of hydrogen and helium, an atoms valence shell is full when it contains eight electrons

elements in the group of noble gases already have full valence shells so their atoms do not form bonds

Question 41

Element bonding

Answer 41

Through bonding atoms either gain access to electrons that bring them close to valence shell fulness, or as ions, become drawn to a more stable oppositely charged ion

Question 42

Ionic Bond Valence Shell

Answer 42

in an ionic bond, the atom that has a valence shell closer to being filled has enough attractive force to transfer at lease one electron to itself from the weaker atom

by one atom gaining electron

Question 43

Covalent Bonding

Answer 43

When the number of valence shell electrons of atoms are same or similar, covalent bonding occurs instead of ionic bonding.

Question 44

Example of Covalent Bonds

Answer 44

an example is the formation of O2 from two oxygen atoms

Up to six electrons can be shared between two atoms

because each pair of shared electrons forms one bond, it is possible for a single, double, or triple covalent bond to form between two atoms.