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Virology > Part 6: RNA Viruses > Flashcards

Part 6: RNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

_________________
* ssRNA, enveloped
* Helical capsid symmetry
* ____________________ virus
* ______________ meningitis
* _____________ virus: Africa
* Junin and __________ viruses: ________________
* Rodent reservoir, greater than _________________
* Biosafety level _ containment

A

Arenaviridae
* ssRNA, enveloped
* Helical capsid symmetry
* Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
* Benign aseptic meningitis
* Lassa fever virus: Africa
* Junin and Machupo viruses: South America
* Rodent reservoir, greater than 50% mortality
* Biosafety level 4 containment

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2
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
* The enveloped RNA viruses with helical symmetry are the ____________________, _________________, ______________, ________________, _____________, and _________________
* The enveloped RNA viruses with icosahedral symmetry are ______________, ______________, and _______________.

A

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
* The enveloped RNA viruses with helical symmetry are the Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Arenaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Bunyaviridae
* The enveloped RNA viruses with icosahedral symmetry are Togaviridae,Flaviviridae, and Retroviridae.

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3
Q

________________
* ssRNA, enveloped
* Helical capsid symmetry
* * La Crosse encephalitis virus: __________ host, __________ vector: _____________
* Hantaviruses: _______ host: _____________________
* Not isolated in the laboratory

A

Bunyaviruses
* ssRNA, enveloped
* Helical capsid symmetry
* La Crosse encephalitis virus: Mouse host, mosquito vector: Encephalitis
* Hantaviruses: Mouse host: Respiratory infection
* Not isolated in the laboratory

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4
Q

______________
* ssRNA, nonenveloped
* Icosahedral symmetry
* Family Caliciviridae
* ___________
* ___________
o Prototype strain is ___________ virus
o Outbreaks of ___________
o ___________ and _____________ diverse
o No cultivatable

A

Calicivirus
* ssRNA, nonenveloped
* Icosahedral symmetry
* Family Caliciviridae
* Sapporo
* Norovirus
o Prototype strain is Norwalk virus
o Outbreaks of diarrhea
o Genetically and antigenically diverse
o No cultivatable

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5
Q

_________________
* ssRNA, enveloped
* Pleomorphic/spherical capsid
* _________________________ on surface gives “corona” effect
* are the second most frequent cause of the __________________ and have been implicated in infant _________________. Severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with ___________. These viruses are typically difficult to isolate in the _____________ in the laboratory

A

Coronaviruses
* ssRNA, enveloped
* Pleomorphic/spherical capsid
* Large club-shaped spikes on surface gives “corona” effect
* are the second most frequent cause of the common cold and have been implicated in infant gastroenteritis. Severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with SARS-CoV. These viruses are typically difficult to isolate in the early stages in the laboratory

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6
Q

________________
* ssRNA
* Helical symmetry, long and __________
* __________ and ______ viruses : __________ reservoir but transmitted to _________
* More than ___ mortality
* Pan-organ effects
* Contact with blood
* Biosafety level _ containment

A

Filoviruses
* ssRNA
* Helical symmetry, long and slender
* Marburg and Ebola viruses : Monkey reservoir but transmitted to humans
* More than 80% mortality
* Pan-organ effects
* Contact with blood
* Biosafety level 4 containment

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7
Q

______________
* ssRNA, enveloped
* Icosahedral symmetry
* ___________________, ____________ virus, ____________, __________, ____________
* Not isolated by culture ____________ Virus
* Blood or sexual contact
* No other vector
* Chronic liver infection
* __________ most common diagnosis
* Screen with ___
* _________ blot confirmation
* Also detected in blood by ___________ assays

A

Flaviviruses
* ssRNA, enveloped
* Icosahedral symmetry
* St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus, yellow fever, dengue, hepatitis C
* Not isolated by culture Hepatitis C Virus
* Blood or sexual contact
* No other vector
* Chronic liver infection
* Serology most common diagnosis
* Screen with EIA
* Western blot confirmation
* Also detected in blood by molecular assays

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8
Q

______________________
* ssRNA: Eight segments
* Helical symmetry capsid, enveloped
* Replicate in _____________
* Influenza viruses
* Two important surface Ag ○ _______________ ○ ________________
* Segmented genomes: _____ reassortment
o Antigenic shift: _____
o Antigenic drift: _____
o Animal strains
o Three antigenic groups § _, _, _
* Severe in elderly, immunocompromised
* Pandemics (____)
o _____ flu
o _____ flu
* Can be isolated in culture
o Subtle ___
o _________________

A

Orthomyxoviruses
* ssRNA: Eight segments
* Helical symmetry capsid, enveloped
* Replicate in cytoplasm
* Influenza viruses
* Two important surface Ag ○ Neuraminidase ○ Hemagglutinin
* Segmented genomes: Heavy reassortment
o Antigenic shift: Large
o Antigenic drift: Small
o Animal strains
o Three antigenic groups § A, B, C
* Severe in elderly, immunocompromised
* Pandemics (1918)
o Avian flu
o Swine flu
* Can be isolated in culture
o Subtle CPE
o Hemadsorption

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9
Q

_____________________
* Helical and enveloped, larger than _______________
* Have only one long ssRNA genome
* No reassortment
* Replicate in both the _______ and _________
* Five genera: _____, ____________________, ________, ___, _____________________

A

Paramyxoviruses
* Helical and enveloped, larger than myxoviruses
* Have only one long ssRNA genome
* No reassortment
* Replicate in both the nucleus and cytoplasm
* Five genera: Mumps, parainfluenza 1 to 4, measles, RSV, metapneumovirus

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10
Q

________________________
* Four antigenic types
* Respiratory infections
* Isolated from _____
* Grow in cell culture
* ________________ for identification

A

Parainfluenza virus
* Four antigenic types
* Respiratory infections
* Isolated from throat
* Grow in cell culture
* Hemadsorption for identification

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11
Q

_________________
* One serologic type
* ________________ rash, _____, _______________ disease
* Can be isolated in culture
* _______________ for identification

A

Measles virus
* One serologic type
* Maculopapular rash, fever, respiratory disease
* Can be isolated in culture
* Hemadsorption for identification

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12
Q

_________________
* Infects parotid salivary glands
* Can infect ______, _______, _______
* Isolated from throat swab or urine
* Identified by _____________

A

Mumps virus
* Infects parotid salivary glands
* Can infect testis, ovaries, kidneys
* Isolated from throat swab or urine
* Identified by hemadsorption

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13
Q

_____________________________
* Bronchiolitis, pneumonia in infants
* ______ virus
* Produces typical ___
* ____________________ to confirm
* ________________ available

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
* Bronchiolitis, pneumonia in infants
* Labile virus
* Produces typical CPE
* Monoclonal antibody to confirm
* Rapid testing available

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14
Q

_____________________
* Acute respiratory tract infections worldwide in __________ and ______
* Annual epidemics in ______ and ______ months
* Two distinct human ___________________ groups with subgroups
* ____ for diagnosis, for now

A

Metapneumovirus
* Acute respiratory tract infections worldwide in children and adults
* Annual epidemics in winter and spring months
* Two distinct human metapneumovirus groups with subgroups
* PCR for diagnosis, for now

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15
Q

_____________________
* ssRNA
* Very small: Approximately 27 nm
* No envelope, icosahedral symmetry
* Replicate in ___________ of cell
* The family ______________ includes a number of viruses such as the ______________, ____________ virus, and the ______________.

A

Picornaviruses
* ssRNA
* Very small: Approximately 27 nm
* No envelope, icosahedral symmetry
* Replicate in cytoplasm of cell
* The family Picornaviridae includes a number of viruses such as the enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, and the rhinoviruses.

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16
Q

_________________
* Fecal-oral transmission
* _______________: 3 types
* __________________: 24 types
* __________________: 6 types
* _______________: 34 types
* Many cultivatable

A

Enteroviruses
* Fecal-oral transmission
* Polioviruses: 3 types
* Coxsackievirus A: 24 types
* Coxsackievirus B: 6 types
* Echoviruses: 34 types
* Many cultivatable

17
Q

________________
* Common cold virus
* More than ___ serotypes
* Can be isolated in culture
* ____-sensitive
* Limited to ________________
* Limited growth at __ C

A

Rhinoviruses
* Common cold virus
* More than 100 serotypes
* Can be isolated in culture
* Acid-sensitive
* Limited to upper respiratory tract
* Limited growth at 37 C

18
Q

_____________ Virus
* ___ of hepatitis
* Usually fecal-oral transmission * ____ * _____ * _______
* No growth in cell culture
* ________ for diagnosis

A

Hepatitis A Virus
* 25% of hepatitis
* Usually fecal-oral transmission * Food * Water * Needles
* No growth in cell culture
* Serology for diagnosis

19
Q

____________
* double-stranded RNA genome
* The virion is about __ nm in diameter and has a ________________ (spokes) appearance
* _____________ belong to the family ____________.
* _____________ are the most important cause of gastrointestinal infections in children less than 2 years of age.
* Diagnosis: Antigen detection via latex agglutination or _____ and, less commonly, ___________________ microscopy

A

Rotaviruses
* double-stranded RNA genome
* The virion is about 70 nm in diameter and has a wheel-like (spokes) appearance
* Rotaviruses belong to the family Reoviridae.
* Rotaviruses are the most important cause of gastrointestinal infections in children less than 2 years of age.
* Diagnosis: Antigen detection via latex agglutination or ELISA and, less commonly, immunoelectron microscopy

20
Q

________
* Respiratory enteric orphan
* dsRNA, __ to __ nm * Nonenveloped, icosahedral symmetry
* Replicates in the ___________ ________________
* Fecal-oral
* Causes infantile diarrhea
* Not isolated in laboratory, ELISA *
* At least ___ serotypes

A

Reovirus
* Respiratory enteric orphan
* dsRNA, 60 to 80 nm * Nonenveloped, icosahedral symmetry
* Replicates in the cytoplasm Rotaviruses
* Fecal-oral
* Causes infantile diarrhea
* Not isolated in laboratory, ELISA *
* At least six serotypes

21
Q

___________________
* ssRNA (may have ___ copies)
* Enveloped, icosahedral symmetry
* All have reverse transcriptase
* DNA made from ___
* Integrates into genome
* Many can cause tumors in _______
* Replicate in _______ and _________
* HIV 1 and 2, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2

A

Retroviruses
* ssRNA (may have two copies)
* Enveloped, icosahedral symmetry
* All have reverse transcriptase
* DNA made from RNA
* Integrates into genome
* Many can cause tumors in animals
* Replicate in nucleus and cytoplasm
* HIV 1 and 2, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2

22
Q

HIV
* ___ to ___ nm, cylindrical or ________________
* Two broad types: 1 and 2

  • Several subtypes in type 1
    o Type 1, clade (subtype) B in _______________
    o Type 2 mainly in ______
  • Does not form tumors
  • Infects ____ cells
    o Lymphocytes, macrophage, brain cells, and dendritic cells
    o Destroys immune system
  • Characteristic secondary diseases
    o Pneumocystis pneumonia, CMV, Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • _____ and _______ ____ analysis
A

HIV
* 100 to 400 nm, cylindrical or conical core
* Two broad types: 1 and 2

  • Several subtypes in type 1
    o Type 1, clade (subtype) B in United States
    o Type 2 mainly in Africa
  • Does not form tumors
  • Infects CD4+ cells
    o Lymphocytes, macrophage, brain cells, and dendritic cells
    o Destroys immune system
  • Characteristic secondary diseases
    o Pneumocystis pneumonia, CMV, Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • ELISA and Western blot analysis
23
Q

___________________
* ssRNA, bullet shaped, enveloped
* Replicate in __________
* ________________ virus of horses
* ______ virus
* One serologic type

A

Rhabdoviruses
* ssRNA, bullet shaped, enveloped
* Replicate in cytoplasm
* Vesicular stomatitis virus of horses
* Rabies virus
* One serologic type

24
Q

Rabies virus
* Encephalitis
o Bite of infected animal
o Travels up sensory nerves to the ________________________ (___)
o Incubation of _ to __ weeks
o Allows time for vaccine
o _____ fatal if untreated

  • Can be isolated in culture and ____
  • Diagnosis by ________________________ of brain tissue
A

Rabies virus
* Encephalitis
o Bite of infected animal
o Travels up sensory nerves to the central nervous system (CNS)
o Incubation of 2 to 16 weeks
o Allows time for vaccine
o 100% fatal if untreated

  • Can be isolated in culture and mice
  • Diagnosis by immunofluorescence of brain tissue
25
Q

___________
* ssRNA, enveloped, icosahedral symmetry
* Family ___________
* Genus __________: Arboviruses
* Genus _________: Rubella

A

Togaviruses
* ssRNA, enveloped, icosahedral symmetry
* Family Togaviridae
* Genus alphavirus: Arboviruses
* Genus rubivirus: Rubella

26
Q

_______________
* Eastern and Western equine encephalitis
* ____ reservoir
* ________ vectors
* Symptoms include fever, encephalitis, rash
* Cell culture possible, but ________ most commonly used

A

Arboviruses
* Eastern and Western equine encephalitis
* Bird reservoir
* Mosquito vectors
* Symptoms include fever, encephalitis, rash
* Cell culture possible, but serology most commonly used

27
Q

_________________
* Transmitted by ________
* Infection in children mild
* ___________________ serious
* Mother contracts _______ in _________________
* Vaccine developed for children because of ________________
* Cell culture possible but ____________ most comm

A

Rubella virus
* Transmitted by droplets
* Infection in children mild
* Congenital disease serious
* Mother contracts rubella in first trimester
* Vaccine developed for children because of congenital disease
* Cell culture possible but serology most comm

Virology (6 decks)

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