Part 6: Antimicrobial Drugs and Resistance

Question 1

Antimicrobial drugs

Answer 1

Compounds that kill or control the growth of microorganisms in the host

Question 2

Antimicrobial drugs

Answer 2

Compounds that kill or control the growth of microorganisms in the host

Question 3

What kind of toxicity does antimicrobial drugs have?

Answer 3

Selective toxicity

Question 4

Categories of antimicrobial drugs

Answer 4

Synthetic and natural

Question 5

Growth factor analogs

Answer 5

Structurally similar to growth factors but do not function in the cells - analogs similar to vitamins, amino acids, and other compounds

Question 6

Sulfa drugs were discovered by and when?

Answer 6

Gerhard Domagk in the 1930s

Question 7

Sulfa drugs

Answer 7

Inhibit growth of bacteria by inhibiting folic acid synthesis and thus nucleic acid synthesis

Question 8

Quinolones

Answer 8

Inhibit DNA gyrase, prevent DNA supercoiling

Question 9

Quinolones are active against

Answer 9

Both gram-negative and gram-positve bacteria

Question 10

What percentage of antibiotics are clinically useful?

Answer 10

Less than 1%

Question 11

Beta-lactam antibiotics

Answer 11

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Question 12

Beta-lactam antibiotics

Answer 12

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Question 13

What kind of toxicity does antimicrobial drugs have?

Answer 13

Selective toxicity

Question 14

Categories of antimicrobial drugs

Answer 14

Synthetic and natural

Question 15

Growth factor analogs

Answer 15

Structurally similar to growth factors but do not function in the cells - analogs similar to vitamins, amino acids, and other compounds

Question 16

Sulfa drugs were discovered by

Answer 16

Gerhard Domagk in the 1930s

Question 17

Sulfa drugs

Answer 17

Inhibit growth of bacteria by inhibiting folic acid synthesis and thus nucleic acid synthesis

Question 18

Quinolones

Answer 18

Inhibit DNA gyrase, prevent DNA supercoiling

Question 19

Quinolones are active against

Answer 19

Both gram-negative and gram-positve bacteria

Question 20

Antibiotics are produced by

Answer 20

Bacteria and fungi

Question 21

What percentage of antibiotics are clinically useful?

Answer 21

less than 1%

Question 22

Beta-lactam antibiotics

Answer 22

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Question 23

What comprises over 50% of antibiotics used around the world?

Answer 23

Beta-lactam antibiotics

Question 24

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 24

Alexander Fleming

Question 25

What do penicillins target?

Answer 25

cell wall (peptidoglycan synthesis) or transpeptidation

Question 26

What are examples of a beta-lactam antibiotic?

Answer 26

Penicillin

Question 27

What is penicillin effective against?

Answer 27

Gram-positive | Some synthetic forms active against gram-negative

Question 28

Cephalosporins are made of?

Answer 28

Fungus

Question 29

What do cephalosporins target?

Answer 29

Cell wall synthesis

Question 30

What is more broad spectrum: penicillin or cephalosporin?

Answer 30

Cephalosporin

Question 31

Cephalosporins are resistant against?

Answer 31

Beta-lactamases

Question 32

Cephalosporins are used to treat

Answer 32

Gonorrhea

Question 33

Aminoglycosides are bonded by

Answer 33

Glycosidic linkages

Question 34

Examples of aminoglycosides ar

Answer 34

Streptomycins, kanamycin, neomycin, and gentamycin

Question 35

What do aminoglycosides target?

Answer 35

30S subunit of ribosome

Question 36

Why aren't aminoglycosides commonly used?

Answer 36

They lack selective toxicity

Question 37

What are the antibiotics from bacteria?

Answer 37

Aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, daptomycin, cyclic lipopeptide, and platensimycin

Question 38

Macrolide structure

Answer 38

Lactone rings bonded to sugars

Question 39

Example of macrolide

Answer 39

Erythromycin (Streptomyces erythreus)

Question 40

Macrolides have what kind of spectrum

Answer 40

Broad

Question 41

What do macrolides target?

Answer 41

50S subunit of ribosome

Question 42

Mechanism of macrolides

Answer 42

Inhibition of protein synthesis | Preferential translation of some proteins

Question 43

Tetracyclines are produced by

Answer 43

Several species of Streptomyces

Question 44

What kind of spectrum do tetracyclines have?

Answer 44

Broad spectrum

Question 45

What kind of drug are tetracyclines?

Answer 45

Natural and semisynthetic

Question 46

What do tetracyclines inhibit?

Answer 46

30S subunit of ribosome

Question 47

What are the most widely used antibiotics?

Answer 47

Tetracyclines and penicillin

Question 48

What antibiotic is veterinary?

Answer 48

Tetracyclines

Question 49

What antibiotic is highly resistant?

Answer 49

Tetracyclines

Question 50

What are the novel antibiotics?

Answer 50

Daptomycin, cyclic lipopeptide and platensimycin

Question 51

What produces daptomycin?

Answer 51

Streptomyces

Question 52

What is cyclic lipopeptide active against?

Answer 52

Gram-positive

Question 53

How do daptomycin and cyclic lipopeptide work?

Answer 53

They form pores in the cellular membrane that leads to depolarization

Question 54

How does platensimycin work?

Answer 54

Fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitor - no host toxicity

Question 55

What antibiotic target MRSA and VRE?

Answer 55

Platensimycin

Question 56

What percent of antibiotics are used in agricultural practices?

Answer 56

80%

Question 57

Mechanisms of resistance for microorganisms

Answer 57

``` Reduced permeability Inactivation of antibiotic Alternation of target Development of resistant biochemical pathway Efflux ```