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MBIO1010 > Part 6: Antimicrobial Drugs and Resistance > Flashcards

Part 6: Antimicrobial Drugs and Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial drugs

A

Compounds that kill or control the growth of microorganisms in the host

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2
Q

Antimicrobial drugs

A

Compounds that kill or control the growth of microorganisms in the host

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3
Q

What kind of toxicity does antimicrobial drugs have?

A

Selective toxicity

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4
Q

Categories of antimicrobial drugs

A

Synthetic and natural

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5
Q

Growth factor analogs

A

Structurally similar to growth factors but do not function in the cells - analogs similar to vitamins, amino acids, and other compounds

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6
Q

Sulfa drugs were discovered by and when?

A

Gerhard Domagk in the 1930s

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7
Q

Sulfa drugs

A

Inhibit growth of bacteria by inhibiting folic acid synthesis and thus nucleic acid synthesis

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8
Q

Quinolones

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase, prevent DNA supercoiling

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9
Q

Quinolones are active against

A

Both gram-negative and gram-positve bacteria

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10
Q

What percentage of antibiotics are clinically useful?

A

Less than 1%

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11
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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12
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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13
Q

What kind of toxicity does antimicrobial drugs have?

A

Selective toxicity

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14
Q

Categories of antimicrobial drugs

A

Synthetic and natural

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15
Q

Growth factor analogs

A

Structurally similar to growth factors but do not function in the cells - analogs similar to vitamins, amino acids, and other compounds

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16
Q

Sulfa drugs were discovered by

A

Gerhard Domagk in the 1930s

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17
Q

Sulfa drugs

A

Inhibit growth of bacteria by inhibiting folic acid synthesis and thus nucleic acid synthesis

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18
Q

Quinolones

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase, prevent DNA supercoiling

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19
Q

Quinolones are active against

A

Both gram-negative and gram-positve bacteria

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20
Q

Antibiotics are produced by

A

Bacteria and fungi

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21
Q

What percentage of antibiotics are clinically useful?

A

less than 1%

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22
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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23
Q

What comprises over 50% of antibiotics used around the world?

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics

24
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

25
Q

What do penicillins target?

A

cell wall (peptidoglycan synthesis) or transpeptidation

26
Q

What are examples of a beta-lactam antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

27
Q

What is penicillin effective against?

A

Gram-positive

Some synthetic forms active against gram-negative

28
Q

Cephalosporins are made of?

A

Fungus

29
Q

What do cephalosporins target?

A

Cell wall synthesis

30
Q

What is more broad spectrum: penicillin or cephalosporin?

A

Cephalosporin

31
Q

Cephalosporins are resistant against?

A

Beta-lactamases

32
Q

Cephalosporins are used to treat

A

Gonorrhea

33
Q

Aminoglycosides are bonded by

A

Glycosidic linkages

34
Q

Examples of aminoglycosides ar

A

Streptomycins, kanamycin, neomycin, and gentamycin

35
Q

What do aminoglycosides target?

A

30S subunit of ribosome

36
Q

Why aren’t aminoglycosides commonly used?

A

They lack selective toxicity

37
Q

What are the antibiotics from bacteria?

A

Aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, daptomycin, cyclic lipopeptide, and platensimycin

38
Q

Macrolide structure

A

Lactone rings bonded to sugars

39
Q

Example of macrolide

A

Erythromycin (Streptomyces erythreus)

40
Q

Macrolides have what kind of spectrum

A

Broad

41
Q

What do macrolides target?

A

50S subunit of ribosome

42
Q

Mechanism of macrolides

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Preferential translation of some proteins

43
Q

Tetracyclines are produced by

A

Several species of Streptomyces

44
Q

What kind of spectrum do tetracyclines have?

A

Broad spectrum

45
Q

What kind of drug are tetracyclines?

A

Natural and semisynthetic

46
Q

What do tetracyclines inhibit?

A

30S subunit of ribosome

47
Q

What are the most widely used antibiotics?

A

Tetracyclines and penicillin

48
Q

What antibiotic is veterinary?

A

Tetracyclines

49
Q

What antibiotic is highly resistant?

A

Tetracyclines

50
Q

What are the novel antibiotics?

A

Daptomycin, cyclic lipopeptide and platensimycin

51
Q

What produces daptomycin?

A

Streptomyces

52
Q

What is cyclic lipopeptide active against?

A

Gram-positive

53
Q

How do daptomycin and cyclic lipopeptide work?

A

They form pores in the cellular membrane that leads to depolarization

54
Q

How does platensimycin work?

A

Fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitor - no host toxicity

55
Q

What antibiotic target MRSA and VRE?

A

Platensimycin

56
Q

What percent of antibiotics are used in agricultural practices?

A

80%

57
Q

Mechanisms of resistance for microorganisms

A 
Reduced permeability
Inactivation of antibiotic
Alternation of target
Development of resistant biochemical pathway
Efflux

MBIO1010 (13 decks)

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