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MBIO1010 > Part 1 - Microbiology And Microorganisms > Flashcards

Part 1 - Microbiology And Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology is defined by what techniques

A

Culture media for isolation and growth of an organism in pure culture
Biochemical to study cell components
Molecular and genetic techniques

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2
Q

Oldest form of life

A

Microbes

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3
Q

Largest mass of living material on earth

A

Microbes

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4
Q

Why is microbiology important?

A

Carry out major processes for biochemical cycles
Can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
Other life forms require microbes to survive

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5
Q

All cells have

A

Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

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6
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane

A

Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside

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7
Q

Cytoplasmic

A

Aqueous mixture of macromolecules, ions, and proteins

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

Genetic material

A

Stored as DNA

Information is divided into functional units called genes

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10
Q

Genome

A

A cell’s full complement of genes

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11
Q

Plasmid

A

Piece of DNA that carries non-essential genes

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12
Q

Eukaryotes have

A

Membrane bound nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Complex internal organization
Division by mitosis and meiosis

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13
Q

Protists

A

Unicellular or multicellular without differentiation into tissues

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14
Q

Types of protists

A

Protozoa
Algae
Slime molds

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15
Q

Protozoa

A

Animal-like microorganisms

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16
Q

Algae

A

Photosynthetic plant-like microorganisms

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17
Q

Slime molds and water molds

A

Filamentous

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18
Q

Fungi

A

Unicellular - yeasts
Filamentous- molds
Multicellular- mushrooms

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19
Q

Prokaryotes

A 
No membrane bound nucleus or organelles
Generally smaller 1 micrometer
Simple internal structure
Divide by binary fission
Most are unicellular
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20
Q

Bacteria

A

Genetically diverse
Extremely diverse metabolic styles
Both pathogens and non-pathogens

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21
Q

Archaea

A

Genetically and biochemically distinct from bacteria
Diverse metabolism
Never pathogenic
Live in extreme environments

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22
Q

Viruses

A

Acellular infectious particles
Extremely small
Obligate intercellular parasites
Lack independent metabolism- no ribosomes, no ribosomal DNA, not classified with other microbes

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23
Q

First anaerobic life

A

Between 3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago

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24
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria oxygenated the earth

A

2 billion years ago

25
Q

What allowed the evolution of modern eukaryotic microorganisms?

A

Oxygenation of the earth

26
Q

First plants and animals appeared

A

0.5 billion years ago

27
Q

Prokaryotes ribosomes

A

70s and 16S ssu rRNA

28
Q

Eukaryotes ribosomes

A

80s and 18s ssu rRNA

29
Q

rRNA

A

Change slowly over time

Examine genetic differences rather than morphological differences

30
Q

Basic steps involved in sequencing rRNA genes

A

Step 1 - DNA is collected from a pure culture
Step 2 - the SSU rRNA is amplified using polymerase chain reaction
Step 3 - gene is sequenced
Step 4 - sequence is aligned with sequences from other organisms
- number of differences is used to calculate evolutionary distance

31
Q

PCR

A

A technique used to synthesize many identical copies of a short sequence of DNA

32
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A graphic representation of the evolutionary distance between organisms

33
Q

Phylogenetic tree based on

A

16S or 18S ribosomal DNA sequences

34
Q

Most genetically diverse

A

Microorganisms

35
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

A group of strains that share certain diagnostic traits, are genetically cohesive and have a unique recent common ancestor

36
Q

Species of bacteria and archaea should have

A

Most characteristics in common
Greater than 97% sequence similarity in the 16S rRNA gene
High degree of genome similarity
- DNA-DNA hybridization

37
Q

Hierarchical classification

A

Groups of organisms are placed in successively larger groups

Species, genus, phylum

38
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First to describe microbes

39
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

40
Q

What kind of microscope did Robert Hooke use?

A

Compound microscope with 2 lenses with up to 30x magnification

41
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe?

A

Cells in cork

Bread mold filaments

42
Q

What was the first microbe observed?

A

Bread mold filaments

43
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are composed of cells

44
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

A

Built microscopes that magnified by 50-300x

Observed single called microorganisms, “animalcules” - first discovery of bacteria

45
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Studied wine and beer production

46
Q

Fermentation

A

Yeast will convert sugar to alcohol without oxygen

47
Q

Souring wine is caused by

A

Bacteria converting alcohol to acid

48
Q

Pasteurization

A

Gentle heating to kill unwanted bacteria

49
Q

Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation

A
  • Prepared meat infusions inside of long swan-necked flasks
  • Boiled the infusion to sterilize it
  • As long as the flask remains upright, dust, and microbes cannot enter, and the infusion remains sterile
50
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms

51
Q

What did Robert Koch study?

A

Anthrax - responsible for epidemics in livestock

52
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

Established set of criteria for relating a specific microbe to a disease

53
Q

Broth medium solidified with agar

A

Polysaccharide derived from marine algae

54
Q

What temperature does agar melt at?

A

97c

55
Q

What temperature does agar solidify at?

A

43c

56
Q

Typical Petri plate

A

Nutrient broth medium + 1.5% agar

57
Q

Colony

A

Mass of cells that (ideally( rose from one single cell

58
Q

Significant and insignificant numbers

A

300 - inaccurate count

MBIO1010 (13 decks)

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