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MBIO1010 > Part 4: Diversity of Bacteria > Flashcards

Part 4: Diversity of Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Cyanobacteria size

A

Larger than bacteria

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2
Q

Cyanobacteria forms

A

Unicellular, filamentous, or branching filamentous

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3
Q

What do some cyanobacteria form?

A

Heterocysts

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4
Q

Heterocysts are

A

Specialized nitrogen fixing cells

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5
Q

All cyanobacteria carry out

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis

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6
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Harvest energy from light and produce oxygen

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7
Q

All cyanobacteria are

A

Autotrophs

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8
Q

Autotrophs

A

Fix CO2 to build cell material

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9
Q

Where do cyanobacteria carry out photosynthesis?

A

Thylakoids

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10
Q

What do cyanobacteria have that chloroplast don’t have?

A

Cell walls

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11
Q

What do cells of cyanobacteria contain?

A

Peptidoglycan

Gram negative cell wall type

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12
Q

Where do cyanobacteria reside in?

A

Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats

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13
Q

What organism has the lowest nutritional requirement?

A

Cyanobacteria (primary producers)

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14
Q

Example of cyanobacteria

A

Prochlorococcus

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15
Q

What is one of the most abundant organisms on Earth?

A

Prochlorococcus

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16
Q

How much of prochlorococcus’s photosynthesis accounts for the world’s ocean?

A

Half

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17
Q

What group does most of the commonly encountered bacteria fall into?

A

Proteobacteria

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18
Q

Proteobacteria use what kind of metabolism?

A

Chemolithotrophs
Chemoorganotrophs
Phototrophs
Facultative organisms that can switch from one metabolic lifestyle to another

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19
Q

What are the well-studied groups of Proteobacteria?

A

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

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20
Q

What group of proteobacteria is the strange group?

A

Delta and Epsilon

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21
Q

What group of Proteobacteria only have one known species?

A

Zetaproteobacteria

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22
Q

Alphaproteobacteria include

A

Pathogens and non-pathogens

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23
Q

Alphaproteobacteria example of a non-pathogen

A

Rhizobium leguminosarum

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24
Q

What do Rhizobium leguminosarum form on legume plants?

A

Root nodules

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25
Q

What do Rhizobium leguminosarum do for legume plants?

A

Fix nitrogen into a bioavailable form

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26
Q

Alphaproteobacteria example of a pathogen

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

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27
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii is what kind of pathogen?

A

Obligate intracellular

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28
Q

How does Rickettsia ricketsii travel?

A

By insects through their bites

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29
Q

What do Rickettsia ricketsii cause?

A

Rocky mountain spotted fever

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30
Q

What is the closest relative to eukaryotic mitochondria?

A

Rickettsia

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31
Q

Betaproteobacteria example of non-pathogen

A

Neisseria mucosa

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32
Q

Where do Neisseria mucosa reside?

A

On mucous membranes

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33
Q

Betaproteobacteria example of pathogen

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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34
Q

What group of bacterium grows well in lab?

A

Gammaproteobacteria

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35
Q

Example of Gammaproteobacteria

A

Escherichia coli

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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36
Q

What kind of respiration does E. coli use?

A

Facultative aerobe

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37
Q

What kind of flagella does E. coli have?

A

Petrichous

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38
Q

What does E. coli ferment?

A

Lactose to a mixture of acids and alcohols

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39
Q

Where do E. coli reside?

A

Large intestine of warm-blooded animals

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40
Q

What kind of flagella does Pseudomonas aeruginosa have?

A

Polar flagella

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41
Q

Does P. aeruginosa ferment sugars?

A

No

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42
Q

What kind of pathogen is P. aeruginosa?

A

Opportunistic pathogen - causes infections in immunocompromised patients

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43
Q

What kind of infection does P. aeruginosa cause in cystic fibrosis patients?

A

Respiratory tract infections

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44
Q

Example of Deltaproteobacteria

A

Myxococcus xanthus

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45
Q

What kind of motility does M. xanthus have?

A

Gliding

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46
Q

How is M. xanthus a predator?

A

Releases exoenzymes to lyse other bacteria for nutrients

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47
Q

What happens when M. xanthus is starved?

A

Cells migrate together to form complex multicellular fruiting bodies?

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48
Q

Myxospores

A

M. xanthus individual cells that differentiate for dispersal

49
Q

Firmicutes have what kind of cell walls

A

Gram positive

50
Q

Firmicutes lack what nitrogenous bases?

A

Guanine and cytosine

51
Q

Firmicutes include

A

Both lactic acid bacteria and non-lactic acid bacteria

52
Q

Lactic acid bacteria fermentation produces

A

Lactic acid as an end product

53
Q

Examples of lactic acid Firmicutes

A

Lactobacillus delbrueckii

Streptococcus pyogenes

54
Q

Lactobacillus delbrueckii is used in

A

Yogurt production

55
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes causes

A

Strep throat, scarlet fever, and the flesh-eating disease

56
Q

Examples of non-lactic acid firmicutes

A

Staphylococcus aureus

57
Q

What kind of respiration does S. aureus use?

A

Facultative aerobe

58
Q

What kind of clusters does S. aureus form?

A

Grape-like

59
Q

Where does S. aureus live?

A

On skin

60
Q

What is special about S. aureus?

A

They are halotolerant - can be isolated using media with high NaCl like mannitol salt agar

61
Q

What is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections?

A

S. aureus

62
Q

Endospore forming Firmicutes include

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

63
Q

Bacillus are what kind of endospore formers?

A

Aerobic

64
Q

Clostridum are what kind of endospore formers?

A

Anaerobic

65
Q

Where are endospore formers usually found?

A

In soil

66
Q

What are most endospore formers?

A

Non-phagocytic saprophytic soil organisms

67
Q

Bacillus subtilis are used as a model for

A

Gram positive cell structure and genetics

Cell division and differentiation (into endospores)

68
Q

Where does C. botulinum live?

A

Tiny anoxic pockets in soil

69
Q

What does C. botulinum secrete?

A

A variety of exoenzymes to degrade plant material

70
Q

What does C. botulinum produce?

A

Deadly neurotoxin which causes botulism

71
Q

Proper canning procedures must either

A

Reach temp above 120C to destroy endospores

Include enough acid or sugar to prevent germination

72
Q

Tenericutes are known as

A

The Mycoplasmas

73
Q

Mycoplasmas are related to

A

Gram positives

74
Q

Mycoplasmas stain

A

Gram negative because they don’t have a cell wall

75
Q

What shape are Mycoplasmas?

A

Pleomorphic - variety

76
Q

Mycoplasma genitalium is the common cause of

A

Urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease

77
Q

M. genitalium was the first

A

Free-living bacterium to have its genome sequenced

78
Q

Size of M. genitalium

A

Very small - 500 kbp

79
Q

Actinobacteria are gram

A

Positive

80
Q

Actinobacterium have high amount of what nitrogenous baases?

A

Guanine and Cytosine

81
Q

Actinobacterium include

A

Coryneform bacteria

Mycobacteria

82
Q

Corynebacterium produce

A

An exotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis that cause tissue death in the respiratory tract - diptheria

83
Q

Mycobacteria cell wall

A

Modified gram positive cell wall - layer of mycolic acids outside the peptidoglycan layer - makes them acid fast

84
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth

A

~24 hr/gen

85
Q

M. tuberculosis take how long to grow on agar medium?

A

Weeks

86
Q

Filamentous Actinobacteria

A

Streptomyces

87
Q

Streptomyces form

A

Branching hyphae and mycelia

88
Q

Hyphae produce

A

Reproductive spores for dispersal - conidia

89
Q

Streptomyces use what kind of respiration

A

Obligate aerobes

90
Q

Streptomyces live in

A

Well aerated soils

91
Q

What gives soil its earthy smell?

A

Geosmins produced by Streptomyces

92
Q

What do Streptomyces produce?

A

Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes - antibiotics

93
Q

Streptomyces griseus produces

A

Streptomycin - a broad spectrum protein synthesis inhibitor active against Gram negative bacteria

94
Q

Bacteroidetes

A

Large, heterogenus phylum of Gram negative bacteria

95
Q

Bacterioidetes have what in common?

A

Not much at all

96
Q

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron uses what kind of respiration?

A

Strict anaerobe

97
Q

B. thetaiotaomicron lives where?

A

Large intestine of humans

98
Q

B. thetaiotaomicron produces

A

Enzymes to degrade polysaccharides - greatly increasing the variety of plant polymers that can be digested by the human gut

99
Q

Chlamydiae have what kind of cell wall type?

A

Gram negative that lacks peptidoglycan

100
Q

What kind of parasite is Chlamydiae?

A

Obligate intracellular

101
Q

Life-cycle forms of Chlamydiae

A

Elementary and reticulate body

102
Q

Elementary body

A

Small dense cell, resists drying

Allows infection of new host cells

103
Q

Reticulate body

A

Larger vegetative cells

Multiply inside an existing host but are not infective

104
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis causes what

A

Trachoma - infection of eye that can cause scarring and blindness

105
Q

Planctomycetes are what kind of bacteria?

A

Budding and appendaged

106
Q

What does Planctomycetes use their stalk for?

A

Attachment

107
Q

Cell wall of Planctomyces lack

A

Peptidoglycan

108
Q

What is unique about Planctomycetes cell?

A

Some have membrane-bound compartments

109
Q

Gemmata obscuriglobus nucleoid

A

Surrounded by a true-unit membrane

110
Q

What suggest that the last LUCA may have been a hyperthermophiles?

A

Several deeply branching phyla

111
Q

Deinococcus-thermus species

A

Thermus aquaticus

Deinococcus radiodurans

112
Q

Thermus aquaticus metabolism

A

Chemoorganoheterotroph

113
Q

Thermus aquaticus source of temperature stable enzymes

A

Taq DNA polymerase

114
Q

Taq DNA polymerase allows

A

DNA synthesis reactions in the lab to be carried out quickly at high temperatures

115
Q

Taq DNA polymerase is an essential tool for

A

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

116
Q

Deinococcus radiodurans is extremely resistant to?

A

Radiation

117
Q

Deinococcus radiodurans have highly effective

A

DNA repair mechanisms

118
Q

Deinococcus radians form

A

Pairs or tetrads in response to massive DNA damage

Can fuse nucleoids from two cells to facilitate repair

119
Q

Deinococcus radians cell wall type

A

Gram negative but stain gram positive because of thick peptidoglycan

MBIO1010 (13 decks)

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