Part 5: Pathways

Question 1

Insulin receptor

Answer 1

Cysteine rich domains
tyrosine kinase
2 alpha subunits bound by disulfide bound are each bound to a beta unit by a disulfide bond
constitutive heterotetramer

Question 2

Type 2 diabetes description

Answer 2

reduced insulin sensitivity characterized by elevated insulin in blood

Question 3

Type 2 diabetes cellular basis

Answer 3

insulin receptor defects

Question 4

Type 2 diabetes therapeutic goal

Answer 4

early treatment to decrease insulin resistance and delay insulin therapy

Question 5

Type 2 diabetes pathway targets

Answer 5

insulin receptor or post receptor pathway

Question 6

Type 2 diabetes possible agents

Answer 6

biguanides (increase insulin binding, recepotr kinase activity, GLUT 4 translocation
thiazolidinediones (increase receptor kinase activity)
Insulin mimetics (activate IRS, PKB)

Question 7

Type 2 diabetes current products

Answer 7

glucophage
actos
preclinical

Question 8

Saliva secretion pathway

Answer 8

Parasymp: ACh–>fluid secretion through Ca2+
Symp: Norepi–> protein secretion through cAMP

Question 9

Xerostomia description

Answer 9

oral dryness (difficulty in swallowing and talking) with increased likelihood of dental caries, oral infection and oral mucosa atrophy

Question 10

Xerostomia cellular basis

Answer 10

salivary gland dysfunction

Question 11

Xerostomia therapeutic goal

Answer 11

long-lasting, selective treatment to increase saliva secretion and replace temporary relief from artificial saliva

Question 12

Xerostomia pathway target

Answer 12

muscarinic ACh receptor

Question 13

Xerostomia possible agents

Answer 13

muscarinic receptor agonists (Cholinomimetics)

Question 14

Xerostomia current products

Answer 14

Salagen

Evoxac