Part 2: First messengers

Question 1

First messengers

Answer 1

neurotransmitters
hormones
growth factors
cytokines

Question 2

Neurotransmitters form

Answer 2

very small, hydrophilic molecules (majority)

Question 3

Neurotransmitters system

Answer 3

synaptic

Question 4

Neurotransmitters range

Answer 4

very short distance (synaptic cleft)

Question 5

Neurotransmitters functions

Answer 5

excitatory/inhibitory action depending on receptors

Question 6

Neurotransmitters examples

Answer 6

Amino acids (gly, glut, aminobutyric acid, GABA)
Substituted amines (ACh, dopa, histamine, epi, norepi, serotonin)
Purine based compounds (ATP, adenosine)
Small peptides (substance P, endorphin, vasopressin)

Question 7

Hormones form

Answer 7

Diverse group of molecules (substituted amines, small peps, proteins, lipid derivatives)

Question 8

Hormones system

Answer 8

endocrine

Question 9

Hormones range

Answer 9

long distance (vascular system)

Question 10

Hormones function

Answer 10

released by specialized cells to provoke specific response

Question 11

Hormones examples

Answer 11

Hydrophilic: substituted amines, peptides
Hydrophobic: Steroids, retinoids, thyroids, prostaglandins: eicosanoid family

Question 12

Growth factors form

Answer 12

more than 50 proteins ranging in size from 6-80 kDa

Question 13

Growth factors system

Answer 13

paracrine, autocrine

Question 14

Growth factors range

Answer 14

local (neighbors, same cell)

Question 15

Growth factors function

Answer 15

regulation of growth and differentiation of cells

Question 16

Growth factors examples

Answer 16

Epidermal GF (EGF, heparin GF, transforming growth factor)
Fibroblast growth factor
vascular endothelial GF
Platelet derived GF

Question 17

Cytokines form

Answer 17

More than 80 proteins ranging in size from 8-70 kDa

Question 18

Cytokines system

Answer 18

paracrine, autocrine

Question 19

Cytokines range

Answer 19

local

Question 20

Cytokines function

Answer 20

coordination of immune response

Question 21

Cytokines examples

Answer 21

interleukins
interferons
tumor necrosis factors
chemokines

Question 22

Odontoblast layer of human teeth

Answer 22

1. Diffusion of bacteria and byproducts through dentinal tubules
2. Byproducts Binding to odontoblast receptors
3. Receptors activate ondontoblast cell for Production/release of : cytokines, antimicrobial peptides->fight near infection, chemokines->bind to migrating immune cells
4. Amplification by autocrine signaling
5. Amplification by paracrine signaling