part 5

Question 1

manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting that is characteristic of an individual

Answer 1

• easy child: even tempered, regular/predictable, positive approach to new stimuli
• difficult child: highly active, irritable, irregular in habits
• slow-to-warm-up: adapt slowly with repeated contact

Question 2

What is the significance of the difficult or slow-to-warm-up child?

Answer 2

these patterns of behavior are more vulnerable to the development of behavior problems in early and middle childhood

Question 3

What are the theoretical foundations?

Answer 3

• psychosexual development (Freud): sex creep
• psychosocial development (Erikson): most widely accepted. Each stage has a conflict that must be resolved before moving to next stage
• cognitive development (piaget): each stage builds on previous accomplishments
• Moral development (kholberg): moral reasoning is acquired in a developmental sequence.

Question 4

-psychosocial development (Erikson):

trust vs mistrust

Answer 4

birth to 1 year

Question 5

-psychosocial development (Erikson):

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 5

1 to 3 years

Question 6

-psychosocial development (Erikson):

initiative vs guilt

Answer 6

3 to 6 years

Question 7

-psychosocial development (Erikson):

industry vs inferiority

Answer 7

6 to 12 years

Question 8

-psychosocial development (Erikson):

identity vs role confusion

Answer 8

12 to 18

Question 9

• magical thinking and imaginary friends
• belief that thoughts are all powerful
• need to have control over environment by planning, accomplishing, and taking initiative
• encourage exploration and help make choices
• child unclear of cause/effect

Answer 9

initiative vs guilt 3-6 years (Erikson)

Question 10

-cognitive development (piaget):

sensorimotor

Answer 10

birth to 2

Question 11

-cognitive development (piaget):

preoperational

Answer 11

2 to 7 years

Question 12

-cognitive development (piaget):

concrete operations

Answer 12

7 to 11 years

Question 13

-cognitive development (piaget):

formal operations

Answer 13

11 to 15

Question 14

How does language develop?

Answer 14

• born with the mechanism
• environment -intact physiologic structures
• intelligence
• a need to communicate
• stimulation