Part 4 Theories Pg 18-34 Flashcards
How does intercondylar distance affect your case?
It would lead DB groove to be more distal
Five factors of Hanau Quint and which factors can you modify?
- Condylar guidance
- Incisal guidance
- Compensating curve
- Cusp height
- Occlusal plane
Can modify all except condylar inclination
Thielman’s formula
1 = CG x IG / (CC x CH x OP)
Examples: If you increase cusp height you have to increase incisal guidance. If you increase incisal guidance, you can increase compensating curve and cusp height.
How did you determine your occlusal plane?
Esthetics of anterior teeth, smile line for anterior, posterior was via ala-tragus line on maxilla. I then modified using a compensating curve for balance.
What’s the purpose of the Facebow?
To orient the maxilla to the hinge axis of rotation of the mandible, transferring both esthetic and functional components.
What was your third point of reference?
A nasion relator which puts the facebow in close relation to the orbitale.
Why not find the true hinge axis?
Which author suggested errors would result in .2 at the 2nd molar?
What did Nagy 2002 say?
Research supports that most arbitrary hinge axises are within 5 mm of the true hinge axis. It is also difficult to accurately record and transfer the kinematic hinge axis to the articulator.
Weinberg 1961 calculated if there is a 5 mm error in hinge axis location with a 3 mm thick record, the record is off by 0.2 mm at the 2nd molar. Since I took my CR at the vertical dimension that I wanted to work at, I would expect my error to be less than 0.2 mm.
Nagy - More than 96% of predetermined points were within 2 mm of kinematic axis. Predetermined axis points located with an ear-piece face bow, when combined with articulator reference points can provide a quick/accurate transfer of maxillary cast/transverse horizontal mand axis relationship.
When do you need to find the kinematic hinge axis?
Guichet said that you do that if you are going to increase vertical dimension on the articulator.
What is Frankfort horizontal plane?
Lowest point on orbit to highest point on external auditory meatus (portion to orbitale)
Why use frankfort horizontal plane to mount maxillary cast?
Because this horizontal plane is parallel to the horizon.
What is the significance of the Frankfort Mandibular Angle?
What is normal FMA? Low?
Intersection of Frankfort horizontal plane with mandibular plane. Normal FMA is 25 plus or minus 5. Low FMA being 20- : these patients generate a lot of biting force, more susceptible to wear.
Normal range of jaw movements
- Opening
- Protrusive, laterotrusive
Okeson - 40 to 60 mm
- 8 to 10 mm
Definition CR
Maxillo-mandibular relationship, independent of tooth contact, in which the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against the posterior slopes of the articular eminence. In this position, the mandible is restricted to a purely rotary movement; from this unstrained, physiologic, maxillomandibular relationship, the patient can make vertical, lateral, or protrusive movements; it is a clinically useful, repeatable reference position.
What are the ways to determine/record CR?
- Static: chin point (lucia), bimanual manipulation (Dawson)
- Graphic: Balkwill, Gysi (tracer with central bearing point)
- Chew in recording: Meyers, Boos
Which is the most accurate method to record CR?
Kantor reports:
Anterior jig: Retrudes
Bimanual manipulation is the most accurate and reproducible
Myomonitor and free closure gives a more anterior position
Simon reports: No difference in chin point guidance, chin w/ ramus support, bimanual manipulation
Who thinks CR is not stable?
Celenza - precision of the position is more important than the position as CR varies over time
Simon - With no TMD, minimal variability between chin point guidance, chin point guidance with ramus support, bimanual manipulation
Who talked about diurnal variance?
What did they attribute the changes to be a result of?
Who else agreed with this?
Shafagh - CR varies during the day
- Vericheck instrument
13 dental students at 9 am, 3 pm 9 pm.
- Changes were due to changes in TMJ fluid content during the day. Difference was .12 to .14 mm.
Latta - On Edentulous patients
Do you believe in side shift?
I do not believe in immediate lateral translation as the condyles are braced by bone medially, and there must be some detrusion in the non-working condyle before it can move laterally. Dawson doesn’t believe in side shift. Article by Taylor and Bidra is 2016 discussed how there are no articles discussing actual harm or negative side effects from IMLT, only theory.
Minimum is 12, avg 15, max 20
How does condylar inclination affect side shift?
A shallow condylar inclination yields less progressive side shift
A steeper condylar inclination yields greater progressive side shift
What is Bennett movement?
What is Bennett angle?
Bennett movement: Bodily shift in the mandible in the direction of the working side
Bennett angle: Angle formed between the sagittal plane and the average path of the advancing condyle
How does Bennett movement affect tooth form and CD fabrication?
Greater bennett movement requires shorter posterior cusps and a more mesial position of the DB groove on a mandibular movement
Which is more critical in a semi-adjustable articulator, surtrusion or detrusion?
Surtrusion has a limiting effect on working cusp height. Detrusion gives more separation.
What type of lever is the mandible?
- Teeter totter
- Wheel barrow
- Mandible; fishing pole
Composition of alginate
Reaction
- Diatomaceous earth - 56% filler
- Sodium alginate - 18%
- Sodium phosphate - 2% retarder
- Potassium sulfate 10% - smooth surface on stone
- CaSulfate dihydrate 14%
- Glycols - Taste
- Pigments
NaAlginate + Ca2SO4 -> water -> Ca alginate (insoluble) + NaSO4
How accurate is alginate?
1.5% permanent deformation over 10 mm
When and how do you use tissue conditioner?
- Active ingredient?
Remove CD’s 24-72 hours, 1.5 mm thickness of conditioner, plasticizer (dibutylphtlate) leaches out in 2 to 4 weeks.
Etiology of papillary hyperplasia?
- Continous denture wear (Ettinger)
2. Fit of denture is most important, removal at night reduces inflammation (Love)
Etiology of denture stomatitis
Treatment?
Candida albicans and denture trauma (Ritchie)
New CD and antifungal medication such as Nystatin rinse (100k units/ml 5 ml qid and nystatin ointment 100k units/day). 41% of patients with denture stomatitis have angular cheilitis.
What impression techniques are there?
- Selective pressure (Pendleton, Frank, Pleasure, Boucher)
- Functional (Applegate - Iowa wax/soft reline material)
- Mucostatic (Page, Addison - ZOE paste or impression plaster)
Composition of coe-flex lead free polysulfide
What is the reaction?
Base:
- Polysulfide polymer (mercaptan groups - SH)
- Accelerator: Sulfur
- Filler: Titanium dioxide
- Plasticizer: Dibutyl phthalate
Catalyst/accelerator:
- Initiator: Copper hydroxide or lead dioxide
- Retarder: Oleic acid
- Filler: Titanium dioxide
- Plasticizer: Dibutyl phthlate
Terminal mercaptan groups (SH) react with oxygen from CuOH or PbO2, results in water as a byproduct
What is the ADA spec for elastomeric impression materials?
No 19
Impression and die stone materials are compatible if it can reproduce a 20 micron line.
Physical properties of polysulfide
Best flexibility and tear strength
Worst elastic recovery and shrinkage
Pros/cons of Polyslufide
Pros: Low viscosity and stiffness (removal from undercuts), high tear resistance, low cost, long working time
Cons: Bad odor, tough to mix, must be poured immediately
What type of impression materials are available?
- Polysulfide
- Polyvinyl siloxane
- Polyether
- Reversible hydrocolloid
- Irreversible hydrocolloid
How did you border mold maxilla?
Anterior: Lip elevated and extended outward downward and inward (orbiculares iris/labial frenum)
Buccal frenum: Cheek is elevated and pulled outward, downward and inward, also back and forth
Posterolateral: Rub with hand, open wide, move jaw side to side.
How did you border mold the mandible?
Labial flange (lip out, up, in) Buccal frenum (cheek out, up, in, back and forth) Posterior (cheek moved buccal, upward, and inward)
Anterior lingual flange length - patient protrudes tongue to active genioglossus and raise sublingual fold
Anterior lingual flange thickness: Push tongue against the front part of the palate
Post edge of post lingual flange: Tongue against front part of palate to activate mylohyoid and superior constrictor
Inf edge of post lingual flange: Tongue tongue out and then into opposite cheek
Distal of retromolar pad / masseteric notch: Open wide (cause pterygomandibular raphe to come forward), trust tongue out and then close mouth (masseter pushes on buccinator to make masseteric groove) (medial pterygoids push against retromylohyoid curtains to form distal end of lingual flange)
Who discussed lingual flange design and what did they say? t
Fish (1964) - Adapation of polished surfaces to come in contact with muscles at an inclined plane to keep dentures in place
Levin (1981) - When ridge highly resorbed, advantageous for thicker lingual borders and sublingual extensions as this increases retention and stability
Lott and levin described the physiologic technique for lingual flange. Border mold by having patient close, swallow hard and lick lower lips. Wriggle tongue while you are pushing down and they push up.
If overextended, check with disclosing wax
What muscles are in the masseteric notch?
Formed by the buccinator as the master contracts and pushes against it
What kind of stone did you use for your casts? Why?
Silky rock - Type 4 Gypsum
- High strength gypsum with minimal expansion (.09
How are stones classified?
I: Impression plaster II: Model plaster III: Dental stone IV: Die Stone V: High strength
Differences are conditions in which water was removed during manufacturing, particle size, and various chemical additives
What is the die stone equation?
How do companies make gypsum?
CaSO4º1/2 H2O + 1.5 H2O -> CaSO4*2H2O
Head up calcium sulfate dihydrate to get calcium sulfate hemihydrate (calcication)
Additives to gypsum?
Potassium sulfate (accelerator, hardener) Terra alba NaCl Borax Calcium oxide
Purpose of PPS (5)
Complete border seal / aid in retention Compensate for polymerization shrinkage Prevent food from getting caught Reduce gagging tendency Increase strength across denture
How did you determine location and extent of PPS?
Which empirical technique did you use?
Valsalva and Ah technique, then palpated tissue
Empirically via locating displayable tissue in relation to the vibrating line with a T burnisher. I then carved a seal in 1 mm deep and 1.5 mm wide (Hardy)
What is the anatomy of PPS?
PPS region is displacable glandular tissue, anterior to the vibrating line, and the junction between the mobile and non-mobile portions of the soft palate.
Chen found that fovea palatini are posterior (~75%) to the vibrating line
What are the fovea palatini?
Two indentations on each side of the midline formed by a coalescence of several mucous gland ducts.
What is the Munsell color system?
Three dimensional color system with hue, value, and chroma as coordinates:
Hue = color Value = Lightness or darkness Chroma = intensity or saturation
What is cieLAB?
L is lightness
A+b = chromatic component
What are the shade differences from A, B, C, and D
A: Red-brown
B: Red-yellow
C: Grey
D: Red-grey
Oral complications of chemotherapy (4)
- Petechiae on gingiva, palate, buccal mucosa, floor of tongue
- Ecchymosis of tongue
- Gram negative infections appearing as creamy
- Herpetic infections that may take 5-6 weeks for resolution
What are sialologue therapy for patients with irradiation?
- Sialor - anetholetrithione - Direct choleretic effect on secretary cells of salivary gland
- Salogen - pilocarpine - Acts on muscarinic receptors
If patient has burning tongue, what might be the cause? How do you treat?
Vitamin B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia. May need vicious lidocaine, ibuprofen, and anti fungal medications
Oral complications of irradiation?
Early effects, affects soft tissue structures (salivary glands, skin, oral and nasal mucosa)
Skin: Xerostomia, dermatitis, mucositis
Bone tissue becomes hypocerular with combined cellular/vascular effects
Osteoclasts can migrate into bone
Radiosensitive cells: Reproductive cells, lymphocytes, bone marrow, immature bone.
Radioresistant: Muscle, nerve, bone
Antibiotic regiment
Oral amox 2g
If allergic to penicillin/amoxicillin - cephalexin 2g or Clindamycin 600 mg or Azithro/clarithromycin 500 mg
If unable to take oral: Ampicillin 2 g IM/IV or Cefazolin/ceftriaxone (cephalosporin) 1 g IM or IV
If allergic and no oral: Cefazolin/ceftriaxone 1 g IM/IV or Clindamycin 600 mg IM/IV
What’s CD4 count in HIV patient?
Intraoral findings for HIV patient?
Normal is 1000. HIV patient may have low 400’s
Kaposi’s sarcoma, hairy leukoplakia, recurrent herpes, gingivitis, periodontitis, candidiasis, oral warts, angular chelitis, petechiae, ecchymosis, hematoma
Which drugs treat an increase in intraoccular pressure and what drugs are contraindicated with it?
Anticholinergics contraindicated for glaucoma patients
Anti-cholinergic for excess salivary flow
How to treat dry mouth patient
- Saliva substitute rinse (active ingredient carboxymethylcellulose)
- Sialologue therapy via Sailor (direct cholinergic effect on secretary cells of salivary gland) or Pilocarpine (acts on muscarinic receptors)
Describe polymerization reaction for acrylic resin
Heat or tertiary amine (cold cure) decomposes benzoyl peroxide which releases free radicals and initiates PMMA chain growth by reacting with monomer.
The plasticizer softens beads and allows monomers to reach the core of beads faster. The cross linking agent glycol dimethyacrylate bridges the polymer strands.
What is in denture monomer liquid?
Methyl methacrylate
Hydroquinone - Inhibitor
Dibutyl phthalate - Plasticizer
Glycol dimethacrylate - Cross linking agent
What is in denture polymer (powder)?
Polymethyl methacrylate
Initiator: Benzoyl Peroxide
Organic fibers
Pigments
(Not chain propagator - glycol dimethacrylate)
What temp does benzoyl peroxide begin to decompose into radicals?
What is the processing temp and time for dentures?
What happens if heated up too quickly?
Benzoyl peroxide: 158°F
Long cure: 165°F for 9 hours, 1/2 hour in boiling water.
Short cure: 163°F for 1.5 hours, then 1.5 hour in boiling water
If too fast, large # of radicals occurs. Since it is an exothermic process, results in boiling point of monomer exceeded and porosities results
Why remount a complete denture?
Compensate for processing shrinkage/error
What is high impact resin?
Impact resistance achieved by incorporating a rubber (butadiene styrene rubber) phase into the beads during polymerization.
Why Injection processing?
Ivobase by Ivoclar - Time efficient, less than 1% residual monomer, pre-measured quantities, higher flexural strength (81 vs 60), due to the injection technique, you account for polymerization shrinkage as the most anterior portion of the denture cures first.
17 bar pressure
Light cured denture base comprised of?
What wavelength does the photoinitiator cure at?
Urethane dimethacrylate
Camphoroquinone (photoinitatior) - Cures at 470 nm
Describe the following waxes:
- Paraffin
- Pine tree Gum dammar
- Palm tree Carnauba
- Candelilla
- Ceresin
- Petroleum product, controls melting temp
- Improve smoothness/toughness, resistance to flaking and luster (pine trees)
- Hard, contributes to gloss (palm trees)
- Sub for carnauba (not as hard)
- Can replace paraffin for toughness
How are baseplate waxes classified?
How about casting waxes?
How about modeling plastic?
Baseplate : Type 1 (soft)
Type 2: medium
Type 3: Hard (75% paraffin)
Casting: Type I direct (medium hard) and Type 2 (indirect (soft)
Modeling plastic: Type I stick and Type II cake
Compound ingredients (6)
- Rosin (thermoplastic property)
- Copal resin (thermoplastic property)
- Carnauba (high melting range)
- Talc (filler)
- Rouge (color)
- Stearic acid (lubricant, plasticizer)
Define Brittle
Exhibits little plastic yield before failure
Define Yield Strength
What about offset yield strength?
End of linear region on stress/strain curve - slope is no longer constant
Offset yield is .2% (arbitrary, higher than proportional/elastic limit)
What systolic/diastolic numbers for hypertension stage 2?
For hypertensive crisis?
Stage 2: Over 140 / over 90
Crisis: Over 180 / over 120
Beyron’s point?
Weinberg’s point?
Byron: Posterior margin of tarsus of ear minus 13 mm to outer cantos of eye
Weinberg: 11-13 mm anterior to line drawn from middle and anterior border of tragus
(Very similar in position)
Bergstrom’s Point
What famous study discusses this point?
10 mm anterior to external auditory meatus and 7 mm below Frankfort horizontal plane
Nagy 2002 - Compared Sam Axiograph using earpiece face bow arbitrary hinge vs kinematic hinge
Bonwill triangle
4 inch equilateral triangle from mandibular central incisor’s incisal edge to the condyle
Balkwill triangle
The angle created by the occlusal plane and the bon will triangle
Pound’s Triangle
Triangle between sides of retromolar pad and the canine
Downside to closed mouth impression
Does not capture the pterygomandibular raphe adequately on max or mand. This is a distal extension of both arches.
What are the four Celenza classes of articulators?
Class I: Simple holding instruments: static registration
- Sub div A: Vertical motion possible, but only for convenience
- Sub div B: Vertical motion is joint related
Class II: Permit horizontal and vertical motion
Class III: Simulate condylar pathway using averages. Allows for joint orientation. May be arcon or non-arcon.
- Subdiv A: Accepts static protrusive record
- Subdiv B: Accepts static lateral and protrusive records
Class IV: Accepts 3D dynamic registrations.
- Subdiv A: Condylar paths formed by registrations engraved by patient (ex: TMJ instrument)
- Subdiv B: Condylar paths can be angled and customized from a variety of curvature, modification, or both. (Ex: Stuart Gnathological computer or Denar Model 5A - variety of fossa inserts)
Which authors wrote a thorough review of the post palatal seal?
Anatomically, what is the post palatal seal area?
Naylor and Rempala
The area correlates with the palatine aponeurosis which is a tough, flexible collagenous structure that intervenes between the posterior bony border of the hard palate and muscle insertions from the soft palate.
What does the “ahh” technique and the valsava maneuver demonstrate?
Valsalva - Denotes junction of hard palate and palatine aponeurosis - Anterior extent of the post palatal seal - Anterior vibrating line
“Ahh” technique - Denotes junction of palatine aponeurosis and the muscle attachments from the soft palate - posterior extent of the post palatal seal
What are concerns with the mucostatic concept aka minimal pressure technique proposed by Page?
- Denture bearing soft tissues are not “fluid in a confined vessel”
- Denture mucosa topography changes over a 24 hour period. True “at-rest” contour is difficult to ascertain.
- Materials used during making of impressions and casts, and denture bases not accurate enough to achieve philosophical goals
- Resultant dentures unable to resist lateral displacing forces due to lack of flanges
- Principle ignores the value of dissipating occlusal loads over largest possible
Three objectives of functional impression technique?
Who talk about the “positive pressure technique” in 1931?
Who talks about a “theory which attempts to control pressures during impression making” aka Selective Pressure technique?
- Record primary denture supporting tissues at rest and under load
- Provide clearance for normal functional movement of border tissues
- Create added retention which may be achieved by a functional molding of peripheral border tissues.
Pendleton
Frank
What is the “external impression”?
Beresin and Schiesser - Place recording material (like light body PVS) on facial, lingual, and palatal aspects of trial dentures between denture teeth and peripheral borders.
Close lips, pursue lips as in sucking, and swallow. Or maybe even drink sips of water.
What is pressure indicating paste made of?
Dimethylpolysiloxane and zinc oxide
Result of postpalatal seal over-extension in pterygomaxillary notch area?
How about under-extension?
Impingement of pterygomandibular raphe and denture displacement during opening/closing
Would result in post palatal seal on hard unyielding tissue of distal tuberosity - Inadequate seal establishment and inadequate denture retention
Result of post palatal seal under-extension in area of vibrating line?
Result of post palatal seal over-extension in area of vibrating line?
Would place seal region in hard palate. Tissue does not displace resulting in inadequate denture retention
Would place seal region in movable tissues of soft palate, resulting in gag reflex, sore throat, irritation, inadequate denture retention. Most evident during swallowing, coughing, laughing, or blowing nose
What is the vibrating line?
Best way to identify it?
Junction between movable and immovable tissues of the soft palate. Aka palatine aponeurosis and muscle attachments from soft palate. Posterior extent of denture border.
Patient saying “ah”
How does Nystatin work?
Amount prescribed?
Binds to ergosterol, a major cell wall component of the fungal cell wall. Leads to pores forming in cell wall.
4k to 6k units four times daily
How does Tylenol work?
Side effect?
Recommended max daily dose?
Reduces prostaglandin synthesis, though exact mechanism not fully understood. Possibly COX-2 selectivity as it doesn’t affect the GI or platelets as much as NSAIDS.
Converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandin
Antipyretic and analgesic, not antiinflammatory (not an NSAID)
Side effect: Large dose can cause liver damage
Max dose: 4000 mg
How do NSAIDS work?
Side effect:
Recommended max daily dose?
Block COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes from creating prostaglandins
Side effect: COX-1 is involved in stomach lining which can result in stomach related side effects
Max: 1200 mg
What causes polymerization shrinkage during denture polymerization?
Linkage of monomer molecules during polymerization. The individual molecules are arranged more closely to each other.
Osseoinduction definition (superior to osseoconduction)
The capability of chemicals/materials to induce bone formation through differentiation/recruitment of osteoblast; phenotypic conversion of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts
(Not only serves as scaffold but triggers formation of new osteoblasts. Most widely studied type of osseoinductive cell mediator is bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP).)
Osseoconduction definition (inferior to osseoinduction)
The process whereby bone grows on a surface or on a scaffolding that is conductive to bone deposition; this is a passive process
Describe Hemostasis and Inflammatory phases in detail
Hemostasis: Vascular constriction, platelet activation, clotting cascade results in thrombus.
Inflammatory: Inflammatory cells migrate to clean site before new tissue forms. Initial vasoconstriction turns into vasodilation. Granulation tissue forms and then is gradually replaced with connective tissue matrix rich in collagen fibers.
Describe Proliferative and Remodeling phases in detail
Proliferative: Recruitment, migration, and differentiation of mesenchymal cells. Angiogenesis occurs. Platelets and leukocytes recruit the mesenchymal cells to the implant surface and the mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteo-progenitor cells. Contact osteogenesis starts via a protein layer on implant surface with osteblasts following.
On damaged bone surface, osteoclasts resorb dead bone and distance osteogenesis starts on bone surface with osteoblasts.
Remodeling: Over time, immature woven bone is remodeled by osteoclasts and organized into stronger and better oriented lamellar bone.
Types of implant surface treatment
- Mechanical - Machine, polishing, blasting
- Chemical - Acid-etched, oxidized
- Physical - Plasma spraying, ion deposition, layer micro etching
- Biologics: Bisophophonates, statins, growth factors (BMP’s), hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate
Albrektsson’s original criteria for implant success (4)
- Individual, unattached implant is immobile when test
- Radiograph does not demonstrate evidence of peri-implant radiolucency
- Vertical bone loss <0.2 mm annually following implant’s first year of service
- Absence of pain, infections, neuropathies, parathesia, or violation of mandibular canal
Red/white epithelial dysplasia due to tobacco pouch differential (3)
- Hyperkeratosis
- Epithelial dysplasia
- Squamous cell carcinoma
Sinus unilocular differenital
- Antral pseudocyst
- Mucous retention cyst
- Sinusitis
Average Bennett angle
Average horizontal inclination?
Which formula relates to this?
7-8°
15°
Hanau’s: L=H/8 + 12
Reasons why Taylor and Bidra advised not to follow IMLT? (3)
- No evidence of clinical implication of IMIT
- Lack of clear consistent terminology of IMILT and timing of side shift
- Unclear whether induced or non induced methods could cause it
Anterior loop of mental foramen
- How far away to place implant anteriorly?
- How about superiorly?
- Which instrument can be used to check if anterior loop is present?
Place 6 mm anterior to the foramen
Place 2 mm superior to the foramen
Naber’s Probe - if probe is patent towards the distal then no loop. It probe is not patent to distal then it goes mesial and does have a loop.
DFDBA vs FDBA
- Which is osteoinductive and which is osteoconductive?
DFDBA: Osteoinductive due to BMP
FDBA: Osteoconductive
What temperature does bone necrose?
47°C for 1 minute
Two studies on if intraoral scanners can be used for full arch implant impressions?
- Wulfman 2020 JPD - 5 in vivo studies - In vitro seems feasible but no in vivo.
- Zhang 2021 Int J Oral Imp - No (mostly in vitro studies)
Systematic Review on full arch scanning for complete denture
Resaie 2021 JoP - Accuracy not there. Problems included: Scanning mobile tissues, needing markers, large scan heads, specific scanning techniques, and operator technique
Calcium phosphate - Osteoconductive, osteoinductive, osteogenic?
- Short term effect?
- Long term effect?
- Osteoconductive and osseoinductive
- Shorter - Higher integration, faster bone attachment, higher interfacial attachment strength
- Longterm (6 months+) - No difference in terms of stability, integration, and bone formation
Linden 1973/1978 - What values were recorded on their 163 patients for average condylar inclination, average immediate mandibular lateral translation, and average progressive side shift?
For FMR’s what values are recommended?
- Condylar: 45°
- IMLT: 7°
- Progressive side shift: 0.75 mm
- Condylar: 20-25°
- IMLT: 10°
- Progressive side shift: 1.5 mm
