Part 4: medicine in the twentieth century Flashcards
what did the Boer War lead to
1889-1901 liberal reforms after seeing how many soldiers were unfit to fight in the 1906 government
pensions were mad for retired soldiers
what was significant about ww1
how did medical services adapt to this
what other changes happened from ww1 and ww2 as rewards
the first conflict where deaths from diseases were less than injury deaths over 80million died and 20 million were inured
1915 casualty clearing stations were set up close to front as possible to evacuate casualties where injuries were classed to 3 types (slightly wounded, hospital care and beyond help)
returning soldiers got land that reflected heroism, NHS was set up after ww2 during labour government also decreased class divide after ww2
Thomas splint (ww1)
Thomas splint for broken femur reduced deaths from 80% to 20% between 1914 and 16
shell shock treatment (ww1)
William rivers
80,000 men had shell shock between 1914-18
306 brit and commonwealth soldiers were executed as they thought it was cowardice
later in war shell shock was accepted and treated at hospital (Craiglockart in Edingburgh)
William rivers developed talking cure to help come to terms and occupational therapy and sport
skin grafts (WW1)
harold gillies developed new techniques
1917 persuaded army to set up special hospital for facial repairs
over 5000 treated
regarded as pioneer of plastic surgery and knighted after war
x-rays (ww1)
found by accident in 1895 by William roentgen
used as a quick diagnostic tool
use spread around the world
in 1918 George eastman introduced x ray film
who discovered blood transfusions and what came after
Blood Transfusions (ww1)
after ww1
prep for ww2
1901 Karl Landsteiner discovered different blood groups and that they could be matched
anti coagulant discovered to keep blood for 28 days
October 1915 blood banks set up for casualties, 1817 blood was stockpiled by British army
1921 Red Cross set up voluntary donor scheme
in 1938 govt set up army blood supply dept in Bristol
was supplied by 700000 blood donors during war
in 1940 was discovered how to make plasma in dehydrated blood for easier transport and store
sir achibald mcindoe (ww2)
famous surgeon during ww2
worked on burns (treated pilots)
improved skin grafting technique
sir Harold Riley (ww2)
improved blood transfusions
treated allies airmen
helped to develop cataract surgery
preventative measures during ww2
mepacrine-ant malaria tablet
rations- carefully balanced, ensure healthy diet
gas masks- defence for chemicals]
deep shelters- bombing
korean war
1950-53 mobile army surgical units set up by usa, reduced treatment time
changes in surgery in 20th century
1952- kidney transplant 1961 pacemaker 1967 heart transplant (patient lived 18 days) 1972 hip replacements 1978 first IVF baby
non invasive surgery changes
death rates
diagnosis improvements
using radiation or using cameras so body wasn’t cut open
key hole surgery
laser treatment (eyes and cancer) less healing time
mortality rates were monitored and league tables for drs and surgeons were set up
CAT, MRI and endoscopes were developed
DNA discovery
in 1953
human genome products and DNA discovery helped medical professions understand bodies
who was Alexander Flemming
how did he discover it
discovered penicillin, saw antiseptics couldn’t prevent infection in ww1
in 1928 was growing staphylococci in a Petri dish, then went on holiday when he came back he noticed mould (penicillin) had grown on Petri dish and staph around it was killed off, called it an antibiotic
in 1929 he published results but couldn’t get any funding
what did Florey and Chain do
how did they experiment
how did WW2 help
after war
in 1937 read flemmings article and managed to produce enough of the drug
in 1940 tested on mice then in 1941 tested on a policeman who was badly infected, he lived for 5 days until the penicillin ran out, proved it was effective
provided incentive to produce drug in 1942 American govt gives drug companies $80 million to fund mass production was used for first time in 1943 to treat troops in North Africa
1/6th of all casualties saved by penicillin in ww2
was used to treat many illnesses: bronchitis, impetigo, pneumonia, syphilis, meningitis and many wounds
age of pills
what antibitotics were discovered after penicillin
what other treatments
penicillin lead to the age of pills as doctors got lots of literature about new drugs however fortunes made from new drugs lead to inadequately tested drugs
streptomycin 1944
tetracycline 1953
mitomycin 1956
cortisone (arthritis) 1950
polio and measles vaccines
pills to treat depression, psychosis, hypertension
what was thalidomide
what did it cause
new lawsuits
1950s sleeping pill, safe even for pregnant
led to thousands of babies having deformed limbs when born
1962 link was made
lawsuit to make German manufacturer and British licence to accept blame and compensate victims
led to much better testing
alternative medicine to pills
herbal remedies
antibiotic resistance
hydrotherapy, aromatherapy, hypnotherapy and acupuncture
had hold of people against filling body with chemicals
liberal reforms
Charles Booth
Seebhom Rowntree
Maud Pember
found 30% London population lived in abject poverty proved half working class in York lived in poverty was adviser to Lloyd George and influenced liberal reforms 1913- published round about a pound a week, thought families wasted money on drink but discovered many woes would go without food so children and man could eat
legislation act
1906
1908
1911
conservatives
labour
liberal
education act- free school meals
old age pensions act- over 70s got 5 shillings a week (only if worked whole life and weren’t a drunken)
national insurance act- sick and unemployment pay (if contributed to scheme)
thought it was too much to pay
thought it wasn’t enough
were in the middle
William Beveridge
Clement Atlee
advisor to David Lloyd George 1942- beveridge report for change after war to fight five evils ‘want, disease, ignorance, squalor, idleness
1945 new labour pm agreed to implement ideas and create true welfare state
the welfare state
benefits
William Beveridge
Clement Atlee
1911 benefits system made but still based on contributions made by workers
advisor to David Lloyd George 1942- beveridge report for change after war to fight five evils ‘want, disease, ignorance, squalor, idleness
1945 new labour pm agreed to implement ideas and create true welfare state
NHS launch
opposition to NHS
demand for healthcare
1948 drs pharmacists opticians dentists brought in for first time under one organisation Nye Bevan oversaw launch of NHS on 4th july
all free from birth to death, financed out of tax
saw as attempt to curtail livelihood, Churchill said was a curse on the country, only 10% of drs liked NHS
demand was very large,
1950 budget under pressure
1952 spectacle charges introduced and dentistry end of free NHS
what was the smog
new towns
slum clearance
in London 1952 killed 12000 lead to clean air act 1956 and 1958 encouraged house holders to user cleaner electricity not coal fires
attempts to move people out of overcrowded dirty neighbourhoods into greener settings (Milton Keynes and Telford)
by 2014 over 2.7 million lived in new towns or cities
expansion of council built housing gave everyone a decent home
killer disease in c20th
Innovation fund
profits
cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease, liver disease, dementia, accidents
government try to persuade for better lifestyle as would also lead to less cost
helps scientists develop new products
new products developed are profit led, gov policy can lead to shortage of drugs by refusing high prices or insisting only cheaper options are approved to save NHS millions, can lead to drugs needing to be imported
