Part 3: Medicine in the Industrial Period 1800-1900

Question 1

how did the Franco Prussian War help medicine develop and what year

Answer 1

1870

between France and Germany drives on Koch and Pasteur

Question 2

how did the crimean war help medicine develop

Answer 2

Florence nightingale improved conditions in the crimean war, cut the death rate from 40% to 2% (cleaned hospital wards)
wrote a book after crimean war ‘notes on nursing’ and explained how nurses should be trained to treat the sick
set up Britains first training school at St Thomas Hospital
raised £44,000 to fund it herself
in 1863 set principles for running a clean safe well ventilated hospital

Question 3

who was Louis Pasteur

Answer 3

French
Discovered germ theory 1861 (disease was spread by germs)
1850s discovered pasteurisation (if liquid was boiled it killed germs)

he put a sterile flask in the street and opened it to let in germs, bacteria grew
filled one flask w sterile air one with ordinary air, first had no decay second was normal, heated flask to make it sterile, drove air out then sealed, stayed sterile for 100plus years

1879-helped develop chicken cholera vaccine
1881- used similar technique for anthrax which was killing up to 10% sheep/cattle every year
1884-85- rabies vaccine used same technique

Question 4

who was Robert Koch

Answer 4

German
1878 identifies blood poisoning germ using methyl violet dye and disproved germ theory
1882 identifies tuberculosis germ
1883 identifies cholera germ

Bacteriology- identification and study of germs that cause disease
helped to identify many killer diseases in Britain with germ theory
like: - diphtheria, -pneumonia, tetnus typhoid, plague, whooping cough

Question 5

who was Paul ehrlich

Answer 5

German
1910 discovered arsenic compound Salvarsan606 could be used for syphillis
- used for chemotherapy known as ‘magic bullet’
was the 606 drug tried
used staining techniques to study blood and worked on immunity and developed an anti diphtheria serum

Question 6

what improvements to communication were made

Answer 6

railways- allowed people to travel quickly and easily

Papers- published results

Question 7

infant mortality

Answer 7

before 1899 number of babies dying before 1 was 142 out of 1000
children were neglected

Question 7

how were opium and laudanum used

Answer 7

mrs beaten self help book for running a hospital
‘The book of Household Management’
published 1861
recommended every house should opium and laudanum to treat minor ailments
helped children sleep and calm

Question 8

what pharmaceutical companies were there in c19th

Answer 8

Aspirin was developed in 1890 by German medical company
sold in 1899 in Britain
Boots began in c19th
Thomas Beecham opened his first factory in Wigan in 1859 became very rich

(some products were dangerous and not controlled and had not much control over what was put in medicines, most were made of alcohol)
some were addictive with cocaine and opium

Question 9

how did surgery mortality rates decrease

Answer 9

beginning of 1800- 40% or higher

end of 1800- 10%

Question 10

sir Humphrey David
Dr William morton

problems with ether

Answer 10

used nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

American dentist used ether

irritated lungs, vomit, flammable, dosage wasn’t always right, could wake up during surgery

Question 11

who was James Simpson

what happened when he died

Answer 11

1847 he used chloroform to reduce child birth pain after experimenting on his friends
1870 he died and 30,000 people lined streets
he was the first person in medicine to be knighted

Question 12

1. benefits of chloroform
2. impacts of chloroform
3. Hannah Greener

Answer 12

1. induces dizziness, sleepiness, unconsciousness
2. longer operations could be done, started to be used straight away
3. died in 1848 from chloroform, was 15

Question 13

reasons for opposition of chloroform

how did the queen help

wha happened after

Answer 13

interfering with gods plan (child birth should be painful)
distrust
some doctors thought it easier if patients conscious

queen Victoria in 1853 used chloroform for her last baby and chloroform was accepted

in 1850s coca was used as anaesthetic and was produced chemically after 1890 sugeries were no longer painful

Question 14

Bransby Blake Cooper

what was the general medical council

Answer 14

1828- operated to remove bladder stone, should take 6 minutes it took an hour and the patient died the next day, was suggested he was only as surgeon because of relatives

was a libel trial exposing the whole case and public scrutiny
gmc then made in 1858 controlling the profession

Question 15

who was ignas Semmelweis

Answer 15

in 1847 in charge of maternity ward in vienne hospital in Austria
he reduced the death rate on the ward from 35 to 1% by getting doctors to wash hands in calcium chloride (ideas didn’t catch on)

Question 16

who was Joseph Lister

how much did mortality rates drop

what did he invent

Answer 16

experimented on frogs (cold blooded so impact easier to see)
used carbolic acid for sterilisation, soaked wounds, sterilised dressings and surgical instruments
surgeons were initially reluctant (wanted clear proof)

mortality rates went from 46% to 15% in 3 years

in 1871 invented a machine to spray carbolic acid over whole room (became father of antiseptic surgery)

Question 17

aseptic surgery:
Robert Koch
Charles Chamberland
Gustav Neuber
William Halsted

Answer 17

1878- discovered disease spread by air not surfaces
1881- sterilised instruments by heating at 140 for 20
1886- first sterile operating centre
1890- made team wear surgical gloves (nurse allergic to carbolic acid)

Question 18

what was the life expectancy in industrial towns

hazards in towns

the great stink

Answer 18

poor people (16) Rich people (45)

scrotal cancer (chimney boys),
phossy jaw-from fumes used to make match heads, caused brain damage (young girls)
pneumoconiosis- lung disease (coal miners)
textile factories had machines without guards hands and arms were caught
few regulations and no compensation

from dry weather, sewage waste, miasma theory

Question 19

contagious diseases
Prince Albert

children deaths

Answer 19

typhus, diarrhoea, small pox, tb, scarlet fever, whooping cough, measles etc spread easily in crowded poor conditions
died of typhoid in 1861 from sewers at Windsor castle

57% children died before 5
and many children had rickets from malnutrition

Question 20

cholera deaths

Answer 20

1831 50,000
1848 60,000
1854 20,000

Question 21

who was John snow

Answer 21

1849 wrote article arguing cholera spread by dirty water not air, his idea was ignored

in 1854 epidemic 700 died in his locality
he found all the deaths came from people who collected water from broad street pump and those drinking beer weren’t effected

he got permission to remove the pump so people drank from elsewhere, the disease left and they later realised a cess pit was leaking into the pump

Question 22

laissez faire attitude

William Farr

Thomas Southwood Smith

Answer 22

the govt wouldn’t get involved in daily life, public health wasn’t there concern

force to get compulsory registration of marriages, births and deaths in 1837

1842 was appointed physician to London fever hospital, made link between poverty and disease

Question 23

who was Edwin Chadwick

the dirty party

Answer 23

was secretary to poor law commission in 1834, in 1842 used statistical methods to link poor living conditions, disease and life expectancy called for urgent improvement in 1844 him and softwood smith set up health of towns association and the clean party (pushed for govt to improve conditions)

mps opposed to any action, based on cost, rich people were keen to keep taxes low so favoured this

Question 24

who was dr barnado and what year

what did they teach

what funs were there

Answer 24

came to London 1866 was appalled by poverty
set up ragged school where children were given cheap breakfast
during times of unemployment meals were served
evening classes and Sunday school for those who worked

boys- wood chopping and city messengers
girls- maid and servant skills

fresh air fund and children’s country holiday fund and themes fir boys to go to Canada or Australia for a better life

Question 25

government action
1848
1866
1875 x2
what effect on death rate did this have

Answer 25

public health act - councils to improve town conditions if wished, towns with high death rate were forced take water supply and sewage action
sanitary act
food and drugs- regulated these, people were putting chalk in flour or paint in chocolate
Public health act- forced to provide clean water and have medical officers of health and sanitary (slaughterhouses)

1868- 716 from typhus
1885- 28
1900- none

Question 26

govt action continued
1858
1875

other

Answer 26

new sewers built
public housing act (knockdown bad and rebuild)

flush toilets, soap was cheaper

Question 27

sophia jex blake

Answer 27

studied medicine in edinburgh 1869
led campaign to ensure women university education
physician and teacher