part 4

Question 1

Process of transpiration

Answer 1

Transpiration is a passive process involving water adhering to the cell wall and creating a film of water on the surface of cells, which allows water to evaporate from the cell wall into the air.

Question 2

Micropropagation

Answer 2

Micropropagation is a technology that produces large numbers of clones from an original parent plant.

Question 3

What are the 3 requirements for germination?

Answer 3

The 3 requirements for germination are water, oxygen, and temperature.

Question 4

Selective breeding

Answer 4

Selective breeding is an artificial process involving humans selecting organisms with the most advantageous traits and breeding them.

Question 5

Divergent evolution versus convergent evolution

Answer 5

Divergent evolution is when two species have similar structures, but they function differently. Convergent evolution is when organisms aren’t closely related, but evolve similar structures that are used for similar purposes.

Question 6

Discontinuous variations versus continuous variations

Answer 6

Discontinuous variations are influenced by one gene or a few genes and not influenced by the environment (ex: human blood type). Continuous variations are controlled by many genes and are influenced by the environment (ex: human height)

Question 7

Homologous structure versus analogous structure

Answer 7

Homologous structure refers to 2 things being similar in structure and evolutionary origin, but not function (ex: human arm & dolphin flipper). Analogous structure refers to 2 things being similar in function, but not structure or origin (orca fin & shark fin).

Question 8

Speciation, allopatric speciation, and sympatric speciation

Answer 8

Speciation occurs when 2 species become genetically different enough they can no longer interbreed. Allopatric speciation is when populations become geographically separated and establish reproductive isolation. Sympatric speciation is when a population forms a new species within the same area as the parent species.

Question 9

Nonsense mutations versus missense mutations

Answer 9

Nonsense mutations cause a gene to not function properly or at all. Missense mutations cause variations that benefit the organism.

Question 10

Detritivores versus saprotrophs

Answer 10

Detritivores obtain compounds from waste by internal digestion. Saprotrophs obtain compounds by external digestion, which involves the breakdown of debris using digestive enzymes.

Question 11

Biotic potential

Answer 11

The biotic potential refers to the maximum rate a population can increase given ideal conditions.

Question 12

Reservoir/sink and flux

Answer 12

A reservoir/sink is a place where an element has accumulated or pooled. A flux is when an element moves from one resevoir to another.

Question 13

Cane toads

Answer 13

Cane toads are an example of an alien/invansive species. They mass populated Australia due to the absence of natural predators, its rapid rate of reproduction, and the lethal toxin it produces.

Question 14

Biomagnification

Answer 14

Biomagnification occurs when organisms feed on many organisms from the trophic level below them and by doing so, accumulate toxins in their body to a concentration greater than the organisms from the trophic level below them contain.

Question 15

Richness versus evenness

Answer 15

Richness measures the number of different species present within an area. Evenness measures the abundance of each species within an area.

Question 16

Peat

Answer 16

Peat is partially digested organic matter that forms in acidic, water-saturated soil. Peat contains large amounts of carbon that can be compressed into coal after a long period of time.

Question 17

Greenhouse gases, the greenhouse effect, and the enhanced greenhouse effect

Answer 17

Greenhouse gases are gases found in the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which heat is trapped near the Earth’s surface by greenhouse gases; this can cause the global temperature to rise and contribute to issues such as a decrease in biodiversity and an increase in storms and droughts. The enhanced greenhouse effect is the burning of fossil fuels that contribute to release of the greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Additionally, the most common greenhouse gas is water vapor, along with carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Question 18

Shortwave versus longwave radiation

Answer 18

Shortwave radiation is the only radiation from the sun that reaches the Earth’s surface. Longwave radiation are absorbed by greenhouse gasses and re-emmitted as heat.

Question 19

How does atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration affect marine organisms?

Answer 19

As the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration increases, more carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean which raises the ocean’s acidity to a degree that dissolves calcium carbonate resulting in marine organisms being unable to form or obtain their exoskeletons.