part 1 Flashcards
Cell theory
The cell theory includes the ideas of the cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells.
Prokaryotic cells versus eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells are smaller, whereas eukaryotic cells are larger. Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells do have membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells have DNA in their nucleoid, whereas eukaryotic cells have DNA in their nucleus. Prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes, whereas eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, whereas eukaryotic cells divide by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis.
Light versus electron microscopes
Light microscopes can magnify images, whereas electron microscopes can magnify and resolve images. Light microscopes can view living cells, movement, and color, whereas electron microscopes can not view living cells, movement, or color. Light microscopes have a smaller FOV size (up to 1K/2K), whereas electron microscopes have a larger FOV size (up to 250K).
Magnification formula
Measured size / actual size
Millimeters/micrometers conversion
Millimeters/micrometers conversion: Millimeters can be converted to micrometers by multiplying by 1000. Micrometers can be converted into millimeters by dividing by 1000.
The Fleming discovery
The Fleming discovery involved mold drifting through the air which stopped the spread of a bacteria that had been growing. Afterwards, Fleming found that the mold contained a self-defense chemical which led to the discovery of penicillin.
Florey & Chain
Florey & Chain tested the drug, penicillin, on mice before humans, where they proved it to be effective.
Endocytosis versus exocytosis
Endocytosis is the process of a cell membrane taking in a substance via engulfing. Exocytosis is the process of the plasma membrane fusing with vesicles to remove substances out of the cell.
Pinocytosis vs phagocytosis
Pinocytosis or “cell drinking” allows the cell to take in liquid substances through small vesicles. Phagocytosis or “cell eating” allows the cell to take in solid substances through large vesicles.
Characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Mitochondria and chloroplasts both evolved by endosymbiosis, contain their own DNA, synthesize their own proteins, and contain 70S ribosomes. However, mitochondria generate ATP during cellular respiration, whereas chloroplasts do not.
Mitotic index formula
The mitotic index formula is the number of the cells undergoing mitosis divided by the total number of cells.
Mutagen
Mutagens are agents that are capable of causing a mutation. Examples of mutagens are tobacco products, radioactive substances, and X-rays.
Louis Pasteur experiment
Louis Pasteur tested for spontaneous generation. He found that after applying heat to a broth filled flask with a long neck curved downward, bacteria would not grow. His experiment showed that microbes cannot arise from nonliving materials.
Passive transport versus active transport
Passive transport requires energy to move molecules along the concentration gradient. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient.
Simple diffusion versus facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion is the transport of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of membrane proteins. Facilitated diffusion is the transport of molecules across the cell membrane that requires the use of membrane proteins.
CDKs
CDKs refer to cyclin-dependent kinases. They are enzymes that modify protein substrates during the cell cycle progression.
Davson-Danielli model
The Davson-Danielli model described the cell membrane having 2 layers of globular proteins between a phospholipid bilayer.
Singer-Nicolson model
The Singer-Nicolson model suggested that proteins are individually embedded in the phospholipid bilayer instead of laying on both sides.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a steroid that controls membrane fluidity by restricting movement of phospholipids to other molecules to prevent solidification.
Surface area to volume ratio in cells
When the surface area of a cell is greater than the volume, it allows for materials to be more efficiently transported.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a high to low concentration through the cell’s partially permeable membrane.
Ribosomes (& free versus bound)
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins in mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins in ER, golgi, lysosomes, and plasma membrane.
Endosymbiotic theory
The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells. It states that eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotes that were originally taken in by larger prokaryotic cells and remained inside host cells instead of being digested/broken down.
