part 2 Flashcards
DNA vs RNA
DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is single-stranded. DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose. DNA uses the base thymine, whereas RNA uses the base uracil.
Cohesion versus adhesion
Cohesion refers to the attraction of molecules of the same substance. Adhesion refers to the attraction of molecules of two different substances.
Properties of water
Water is polar, is an excellent solvent, has a high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, and is made up of covalent bonds.
Aerobic versus anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, whereas anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
Anabolism versus catabolism
Anabolism builds complex molecules from simple molecules. Catabolism breaks down complex molecules into simple molecules.
Insulin
Insulin is an anabolic hormone/protein that promotes carbon energy deposition in the body.
What is a PCR?
PCR refers to a polymerase chain reaction. It makes copies of a DNA molecule by repeatedly copying a specific stretch.
Monomer versus polymer
A monomer is a molecule that can be bonded to identical molecules to form a polymer. A polymer has a large molecular structure consisting of large macromolecules repeatedly bonded together.
Urea & the theory of vitalism
Urea is an organic compound used to excrete nitrogen. It’s accidental creation proved the theory of vitalism. The theory of vitalism is that solely living things can synthesize organic compounds.
Membrane proteins (4)
Channel membrane proteins have a channel allowing for the transport of substances in and out of the cell. Carrier membrane proteins bind to substances on one side of the membrane and then change shape to transport them to the other side. Recognition membrane proteins help cells in differencing between self and non-self cells. Receptor membrane proteins span the whole cell membrane to relay information in and out of the cell.
Transcription
Transcription is the process of a gene’s DNA sequence being copied to make an RNA molecule. INITIATION begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, which signals the DNA to unwind and prepares it for mRNA synthesis. ELONGATION is when RNA polymerase is added to the template strand in 3’ to 5’ region. TERMINATION is when the transcribing RNA polymerase releases DNA template and disassembly begins.
Translation
Translation is the process of ribosomal subunits assembling on mRNA to attract tRNA molecules to ultimately create a protein. INITIATION is when the small and large ribosomal subunits bind to mRNA. Then, tRNA binds to the start codon of mRNA. ELONGATION is when the amino acid sequences are extended and the formation of the amino acid chain is created. TERMINATION is when a stop codon binds to the A-site and disassembly begins.
Sense versus anti-sense strand
The sense strand has the exact sequence of the DNA transcript. The antisense strand contains the complementary sequence of the DNA transcript.
Cell cycle
The cell cycle begins with mitosis. Then, interphase takes place which includes G1, S, and G2 phase. During the G1 phase, the cell grows and synthesizes proteins. During the S phase, DNA is synthesized. During the G2 phase, the cell grows and synthesizes proteins again.
DNA Replication
Helicase unwinds DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied. Gyrase unwinds the supercoil to prevent DNA from breaking. Single stranded binding proteins keep the DNA strands separated and stabilized. Primase adds RNA nucleotides/primers to the complementary base pairs. DNA Polymerase III sythesizes the leading strand of DNA and the okazaki fragments. DNA Polymerase I digests RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides. Ligase joins the okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to form a single strand of DNA.
