part 4

Question 1

the cultural process of learning participate in group life. Without it, we would not develop many of the characteristics we associate with being human. Socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life.

Answer 1

socialization

Question 2

Biological features are regularly suggested as sources of human behavior. Socio-biologists suggest that some human capacities may be “wired into” our biological makeup. For example, even newborn babies seem to strive for maximum social interaction.

Answer 2

biological context

Question 3

The primary factor in the psychological context of socialization is the psychological state of the person being socialized. Knowing something about the feelings of the people involved (the psychological context) helps explain the results of the socialization process.

Answer 3

Emotional States and the Unconscious

Question 4

A number of psychologists emphasize the series of stages through which humans progress. Although emotional concerns can be involved, these theorists focus on cognitive (intellectual) development, which occurs in a systematic, universal sequence through a series of stages. The most influential theorist of intellectual development was the Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget

Answer 4

Cognitive Development Theories

Question 5

Major social and historical events can be a force in socializing an entire generation. Those suffering greater deprivation depended less on formal education for their life achievements and more on effort and accomplishment outside of education.

Answer 5

Social and Historical Events

Question 6

3 psychological context

Answer 6

Emotional States and the Unconscious

Cognitive Development Theories

Social and Historical Events

Question 7

Your family’s social class, economic position, and ethnic background–as well as your gender–can affect the ways in which you will be socialized

Answer 7

Social Position as Part of the Context

Question 8

Another term for socialization

Answer 8

enculturation

Question 9

are culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.

Answer 9

values

Question 10

are the rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

Answer 10

norms

Question 11

refers a social position that a person holds.

Answer 11

status

Question 12

refers to behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.

Answer 12

roles

Question 13

combined basic needs and the influence of society into a model of personality with three parts: Id, Ego, and Superego

Answer 13

sigmund freud

Question 14

From his studies of human cognition, or how people think and understand. Jean Piaget (1896–1980) identified four stages of cognitive development. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage (first two years of life), Stage two is the preoperational stage (about age two to seven), Stage three is concrete operational stage (between the ages of seven and eleven). And the last stage is the formal operational stage (about age twelve)

Answer 14

Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Question 15

the self is a part of our personality and includes self-awareness and self-image. It is the product of social experience, and is not guided by biological drives

Answer 15

George Herbert Mead’s theory of the social self

Question 16

used the phrase looking-glass self to mean a self-image based on how we think others see us. As we interact with others, the people around us become a mirror (an object that people used to call a “looking glass”) in which we can see ourselves. What we think of ourselves, then, depends on how we think others see us.

Answer 16

Charles Horton Cooley’s Looking-glass Self

Question 17

refers to those social, cultural, and psychological traits linked to males and females through particular social contexts

Answer 17

gender

Question 18

makes us male or female; gender makes us masculine or feminine.

Answer 18

sex

Question 19

7 agents of socialization

Answer 19

family, school, peer groups, mass media, church, government

Question 20

Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. It is also the sum of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values. Some studies say that our personality determines how we adjust to our environment and how we react in specific situations

Answer 20

personal development

Question 21

according to Britannica dictionary, Heredity is the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring. Hereditary characteristics also include certain aptitudes.

Answer 21

heredity

Question 22

Expert says that our personalities are also influenced by weather we have a sibling (Brothers, Sisters, both or neither). They also say that children with siblings have a different view of the world than do children without siblings

Answer 22

birth order

Question 23

A parent is a caretaker of the offspring in their own species. In humans, a parent is of a child. Children can have one or more parents, but they must have two biological parents.

Answer 23

parental characteristics

Question 24

Cultural environment determines the basic types of personality traits like model personalities that are typical of a member of the society, that’s why based on the research Culture has a strong influence on personality development of an individual.

Answer 24

cultural environment

Question 25

are the basis of culture. A ____is an object, word, or action that stands for something else with no natural relationship that is culturally defined. ____ often get noticed when they are used out of context.

Answer 25

symbols

Question 26

are a physical manifestation that signifies the ideology of a particular culture or that merely has meaning within a culture. Cultural symbols don’t have to be actual symbols or signs; they can also be gestures such as handshakes and hand signals.

Answer 26

cultural manifestations

Question 27

are relating to human society and its modes of organization: social classes; social problems or a social issue. A symbol that something people want to have or do because they think other people will respect or admire them for it such as education, occupation, marital status, accomplishments, or other factors.

Answer 27

social symbols

Question 28

are symbolism that is used to represent a political standpoint. The symbolism can occur in various media including banners, acronyms, pictures, flags, mottos, and countless more.

Answer 28

political symbols

Question 29

are symbols used in production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services like currency, market, labor, demands and other economic activities.

Answer 29

Economic Symbols

Question 30

is the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories relating to it. It is also to do or perform habitually or customarily; make a habit of: practices courtesy in social situations.

Answer 30

practices

Question 31

the manifestation of a culture or sub-culture, especially concerning the traditional and customary practices of a particular ethnic or other cultural group. The examples of cultural practices are religious and spiritual practices, medical treatment practices, forms of artistic expression, culinary practices, housing and construction and childcare practices.

Answer 31

cultural practices

Question 32

refer to everyday practices and the way these are typically and habitually performed in a society. It shapes everyday life and are familiar to all members of the community, even if not everybody participates in them. They are relevant to community and help reinforce a sense of identity and continuity with the past.

Answer 32

social practices

Question 33

are the means by which societies distribute resources and trade goods and services. They are used to control the five factors of production, including: labor, capital, entrepreneurs, physical and information resources.

Answer 33

Economic system or practices

Question 34

are a set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations to individual such as the distributions of resources

Answer 34

political practices

Question 35

crucial to science because they provide a logical framework for making sense out of scientific observations

Answer 35

theories