part 3

Question 1

he mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; a basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution. (Jurmain et al. 2012: 7)

Answer 1

biocultural evolution

Question 2

is the area of evolutionary biology that studies how social interactions, especially between individuals of the same species, arise, change and are maintained. A particular focus is on how cooperative behaviour can be beneficial despite the intuitive advantages of being selfish.

Answer 2

social evolution

Question 3

is any human-like species (Manlike Primates), who is Bipedal (walks on two legs) and is intelligent (has a large brain and uses tools). The development of the different species of primates which were able to evolve in 40 million years ago.

Answer 3

hominid

Question 4

This hominid believed to have lived 14 million years whose remains could be found in Siwalik Hills of India. The description of this hominid could stand upright and used stones and sticks to frighten his enemies. This kind of species was found by Mrs. Mary Leaky at the volcanic ash of Laetolil, Tanzania, East Africa in 1975.

Answer 4

“Ramapithecus”

Question 5

The American archeologist, Donald C. Johanson discovered a whole skeleton of a teenage girl at Hadar, Addis Ababa, Ethiopa.

Answer 5

lucy

Question 6

was believed o lived in Africa about 5 million years ago. He had small brain but could walk straight and used simple tools

Answer 6

“Australopithecus”

Question 7

traits of hominid

bipedalism and big brains.
b.The brain case, or the skull, has increased in size over time.
c.The skull now has more forehead and a rounder shape.
d.There is less separation between the brain and the face.
e.Big brains allow for more learned behavior, such as using tools. All hominids are able to walk upright.
f.The femur, which is the thigh bone in hominids, is angled towards the knee, which stabilizes the body in relation to gravity.

Question 8

diet of hominid

Hominids started out as herbivores, eating mostly coarse, tough food that needed a lot of chewing. As the diet began to include small animals and cooked food, the teeth and jaws became smaller and smaller over time.
✗By the time Neanderthal man came on the scene, hominids had become omnivores, eating a variety of foods, such as fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, grains and meat.
✗The Neanderthals introduced cooking. Eating cooked foods does not require the large teeth and jaws to chew.

Question 9

There are four general areas of behavior that are common to hominids. These are:

• The ability to use tools
• Social dynamics
• Capability for language
• Aggression

Answer 9

behavior

Question 10

Lived from 2.33 to 1.44 million years ago, is called the handy man by anthropologists due to their use of tools particularly stone flakes to use as weapons and protection of their enemies.

Answer 10

homo habilis “handy man”

Question 11

the Physical description of this species was about 4 feet and could walked upright with small brain. He used crude stone weapons for protections against predators. This was discovered by Dr. Louis S. B. Laekey (Husband of Mrs. Mary Leakey) in Olduva George, Tanzania, East Africa in 1999 which believed to live about 1.75 million years ago.

Answer 11

“Zinjanthropus”

Question 12

This species was about 5 feet tall and walked upright. He used more refined stone tools with brain double size of chimpanzee’s brain. This was excavated in Lake Turkana, Kenya, East Africa by Dr. Richard Leakey (the son of the famous Dr. and Mrs. Leakey)

Answer 12

lake turkana

Question 13

Lived from 1.9 million to 143,000 years ago, used tools extensively as well as fire. There is some evidence that homo erectus built rafts to travel over water. Anthropologists don’t know if homo erectus cooked its food, although we do know that it ate meat.

Answer 13

homo erectus “upright man”

Question 14

This was discovered by Eugene Dubois at Trinil, Java, Indonesia in 1891 which was the called the “Java Man.” The physical characteristics of this homo erectus were about 5 feet tall; could walk eredt; heavy and chinless jaw; hairy body of modern man.

Answer 14

“Pithecanthropus Erectus” (“Java Man”)

Question 15

This homo erectus species was discovered at Choukoutien village, Beijing, China in 1929. This was about 5’2” tall, could walk upright, and the brain almost as large as the modern man which was believed to lived 500,000 years ago.

Answer 15

Sinanthropus Pekinensis” (“Peking Man”)

Question 16

t was believed that this was the direct descendant of modern man which lived about 250,000 years ago. They had similar physical descriptions with modern man. They arise as the primitive men whose activities were largely dependent on hunting, fishing and agriculture. They buried their dead, used hand tools and had religion

Answer 16

homo sapiens wise man

Question 17

The Neanderthal man were discovered in the cave of Neanderthal valley near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856. It was believed to appear in the high temperature zone in Europe and Asia about 70,000 years ago. They had physical characteristics as heavily built with powerful jaws, brutish and primitively intelligent. They had religious beliefs and more advanced than the homo erectus.

Answer 17

Neanderthal Man

Question 18

This was more stronger homo sapiens than the neanderthal which was discovered by French archaeologist Louis Lartet in the Cro Magnon Cave at Ley Eyzies in southern France. It was believed to live in Europe, Asia and Africa. Specially, their remains have been found in western Asia including Italy, Spain, France, and Russia and all areas over Africa. They were about 5 feet and 11 inches with more developed brain than their predecessor. As a prehistoric man they had stone implements art objects, and consistent hunting skills.

Answer 18

Cro Magnon Man

Question 19

he common primitive men identified in this period were the homo erectus such as Java Man; the homo sapiens such as the Neanderthal Man and Cro Magnon Man. The Characteristics of this period were:

a.The rough stone tools were used as main weapons and tools such as chisels, knifes, spear and other.
b.They lived in hunting, fishing, and gathering any fruits available in the forests.
c.They were able to use fire which was used to cook their food and to protect them from colds.
d.They lived in cave and later learned to build primitive shelter.
e.They learned to developed primitive arts, personal ornaments, and other art forms

Answer 19

Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age: 3 million years to 8000 B.C.)

Question 20

This started in the disappearance of the Cro-Magnon and new people which was considered as modern man.

a.The development of refined stone tools and weapons
b.They made their own house.
c.They learned to domesticate animals such as horse, pigs, dogs, cattle and etc.
d.They learned to use wove clothes as the protection of their skin.
e.They began to cut trees which was used as boat as a means of transportation and fishing in the rivers.

Answer 20

Neolithic period (New Stone Age: 8,000-4,000 B.C.)

Question 21

The used of metal such as bronze, copper and iron produced a new historical development from the cradle’s civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, China which later on spread throughout Asia. The civilization which defines to a more developed social, cultural, political and economic system had spread in Middle East, Asia and even South America. It had already direct contacts through the tribes, kingdoms, empire and later on state which the constant political activities were through conquest, war and trade.

Answer 21

Age of Metals (4,000 B.C. – 1,500 B.C.)

Question 22

The Neolithic Revolution, also called the Agricultural Revolution, marked the transition in human history from small, nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to larger, agricultural settlements and early civilization, and there was nothing natural or inevitable about the development of agriculture.

Answer 22

Agriculture and The Origin of Civilization

Question 23

Because there are no written records of the transition period between 8000 and 5000 B.C. when many animals were first domesticated and plants were cultivated on a regular basis, we cannot be certain why and how some peoples adopted these new ways of producing food and other necessities of life.

Answer 23

Causes of the Agrarian Transformation

Question 24

In Late Paleolithic times, wild barley and wheat grew over the large areas in present-day Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Israel. Hunting-and-gathering groups in these areas may have consciously experimented with planting and nurturing seed taken from the wilds or they accidentally discovered the principles of domestication through observing the growth of the seeds that dropped by the campsite they are in. The first livestock were domesticated from animals that Neolithic humans hunted for meat.

Answer 24

The Domestication of Plants and Animals

Question 25

The effects of the Neolithic Revolution were also considered widely across the globe. Even after sedentary agriculture became the basis for the livelihood of the majority of humans, hunters and gatherers. For example, due to the absence of the horse and most herd animals in the Americans, nomadic hunting cultures became the main alternatives there.

Answer 25

The Spread of Neolithic Revolution

Question 26

a complex society that creates agricultural surpluses, allowing for specialized labor, social hierarchy, and the establishment of cities. Early people were nomadic hunter-gatherers and lived off land. And by the time nomadic groups and hunters began to settle down. Raising of animals, pastoral society helped further tie the groups.

Answer 26

civilization

Question 27

is the process by which structural reorganization is affected through time, eventually producing a form or structure which is qualitatively different from the ancestral form. These theories of cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time

Answer 27

Sociocultural evolution