Part 3 - THE TUDORS

Question 1

What is the difference btw patriotism and nationalism during the Tudor period?

Answer 1

Patriotism originating from Greek term ‘from the same country’ represented unthinking allegiance to the regning monarch, whereas nationalism debated by historians implies a community with political self determination which some argue did not fully emerge until the 18th century

Question 2

How did B Anderson define national identity and its relationship with monarchy in Tudor England

Answer 2

Emphasises that for a community to be a nation it must have the freedom to express political opinions he suggested that a monarch should rule by the will of the majority for true nationhood

Question 3

What conflicting views about early modern England exist regarding its political system and the emergence of a national identity

Answer 3

Anderson believed early modern England lacked a regulated democratic system. Monarchs attempted to overpower parliaments and were unrestrained by constitutional mechanisms. However, Richard helgerson highlighted intense national consciousness among younger Elizabethan, as seen in literature like Shakespeare’s Richard II

Question 4

What were the unique circumstances in England that contributed to the emergence of a national feeling during the Tudor period

Answer 4

England experienced a unique set of circumstances that led to the emergence of national sentiment which did not occur elsewhere. The factors included the influence of the Tudor dynasty, socialogical changes with the distengration of the feudal system and the the rise of new classes and the impact of the Reformation

Question 5

What were the major realities influencing nationalism I Tudor England

Answer 5

The sociological political and religious factors played significant roles in influencing nationalism
The disintegration of the feudal system and the rise of new classes
The Reformation which had significant socio-political consequences particularly in its impact on national identity

Question 6

What characterized the wars in England between 1337 and 1485

Answer 6

The hundred years war 1337- 1453 and war of the roses 1455 1485 btw the English and French monarchs and in the latter case dynastic feuds involving the English aristocracy these years were fought by noblemen and professional soldiers not the general populace

Question 7

What were the consequences of the prolonged violence during this period

Answer 7

The extinction of the old nobility and a weakening of the nobles power
A significant social transformation

Question 8

What led to the evolution of the English aristocracy

Answer 8

Changes in the English nobility were primarily due to heavy casualties among the aristocracy during the wars and efforts by the crown to weaken the nobility to consolidate the monarchs power at the expense of the aristocrats

Question 9

How did Henry VII contribute to weakening the nobility power and strengthening the monarchy

Answer 9

Limited the magnates ability to raise armies of retainers thus preventing them from waging war on each other or the king. He transformed the monarchy from a symbol of aristocracy factions to a new type of monarchy that asserted royal authority and supremacy

Question 10

What measures did Henry VII to reinforce royal authority

Answer 10

Established the imperial crown symbolizing the king new status. He created the star chamber acting as a supreme court judging breaches of peace and implemented legal measures like acts of attinder and forfeiture to subdue and confiscate property from magnates found guilty of treason

Question 11

What were the new social strata that emerged due to the disintegration of the feudal system during the Tudor period ?

Answer 11

Landed gentry and the middle class

Question 12

How did the creation of new peers under Henry VIII differ from the traditional concept of nobility

Answer 12

Shifted toward individual of modest birth but exceptional abilities and education whose titles were granted for serving the crowns interests. The emphasis was on merit based nobility rather than solely on noble birth

Question 13

What key changes occured within during Henry VIII REIGN that reshaped social structures

Answer 13

The concept that commoners could attain elite status became a cornerstone of Tudor nationalism. Additionally loyal servant were rewarded with wealth seized from the Church during the schism with Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries fostering the emergence of the squirearchy a new class of landowners without peerage

Question 14

How did the henrician schism and the dissolution of the monasteries affect social power in Tudor england

Answer 14

Enhanced the authority of the laity over the church and increased their influence in political spheres. The dissolution led to the possession of vast estates by the rural gentry strengthening the squirearchy s power based on land ownership

Question 15

What were the significant developments in English social history btw 1540 and 1640?

Answer 15

A crucial development during this time was the growth of the gentry and the emergence of the middle class primarily represented by the rise of lawyers and merchants

Question 16

What factors contributed to the growth of lawyers and merchants in the middle class?

Answer 16

Lawyers increased due to the complexity of economic and diplomatic exchanges while the new landed gentry’s desire for education for their sons played a role. Additionally, a commercial revolution and trade expansion to new markets contributed to the rise of capitalism in the 16th in conjunction with the Calvinist concept of determination or election

Question 17

How did the rise of capitalism and Calvinist work ethic influence the middle class and their social and political aspirations?

Answer 17

The Calvinist work ethic posited by max Weber encouraged the development of enterprises, trade, success as signs of God’s favor, influencing the rising of the middle class. This class demanded increased participation in politics, gaining representation in the House of commons, leading to a dynamic relationship btw nationalism and political representation

Question 18

How did the increasing significance of the Parliament influence the development of national consciousness in the 16th century

Answer 18

The growing importance of parliament as the ‘representative of the people’ proved that the members of the middle class were indeed representatives of a nation. This led to demands for more power for parliament, fostering a stronger national consciousness that fed increasing influence of parliament

Question 19

What societal changes and redefinition characterized the maturing of nationhood during the Tudor era?

Answer 19

The reorganization of the social hierarchy increased social mobility and the establishment of a democratic elite based on education and merit were crucial in shaping nationhood. The inventors of nationalism were upwardly mobile commoners who reached the top of the social ladder, redefining the traditional image of society and contributing to modern concept of a nation

Question 20

How did the Protestant reformation contribute to the spread of nationalism in the 16th century

Answer 20

Scholars like greenfeld and gellner noted that the Reformation more than any other factor, played a significant role in the widespread propagation of nationalism in the 16th century

Question 21

What were the key ingredients of the Protestant reformation that facilitated the development of nationalism

Answer 21

Included the emphasis on literacy and scripturalism (sola scriptura) the challenge against a monopolistic priesthood and the theory of election

Question 22

What was the doctrine of sola scriptura and how did it affect education and literacy

Answer 22

Sola scriptura emphasized that the scripture contained all knowledge necessary for salvation. This principle encouraged the spread of literary democratisation of education and motivated Protestant efforts to translate the bible into native vernacular languages

Question 23

How did the translation of the bible into vernacular languages contribute to the rise of nationalism

Answer 23

A significant aspect of Protestantism as it facilitated the defence of native languages and promoted a stronger sense of national identity

Question 24

How did the doctrine of sola scriptura challenge the church authority and traditional interpretations

Answer 24

Sola scriptura altered the church authority by emphasizing the scripture as the interpret of tradition challenging the authority of the church and leading to the rejection of certain Roman church doctrines that lacked biblical basis

Question 25

What were the key components of the Reformation the facilitated to growth of nationalism?

Answer 25

The Reformation’s emphasis on literacy and scripturalism its a challenge to a monopolistic priesthood and the theory of election were key elements contributing to the development of nationalism

Question 26

What was the doctrine of SOLA scriptura and education and literacy

Answer 26

Sola scriptura emphasized the need for individuals to read and understand the bible leading to increased literacy democratisation of education and the persuasion and the translation of the bible into vernacular languages

Question 27

What was the sola fide

Answer 27

Stressed that salvation relied on faith alone diminishing the role of external works and lessening reliance on the church hierarchy

Question 28

What was the significance of the concept of the elct derived from old testament?

Answer 28

The old testament concept of a chosen people was adapted into national narratives portraying nation like England or France as a holy land or second Israel

Question 29

How did the concept of the elect influence the national narrative in Tudor England

Answer 29

Writers and poets depicted England as a chosen land claiming god’s favor towards the English fostering a strong nationalistic sentiment

Question 30

What significance did the idea of the elect hold in the collective consciousness of Tudor England

Answer 30

The idea of the elect solidified a string sense of nationalism leading the belief that England was a chosen land favoured by God contributing to a collective perception of national superiority and divine favor