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GCSE History : Elizabethan England > Part 3 - key dates and facts > Flashcards

Part 3 - key dates and facts Flashcards

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1
Q

when was norfolk’s rebellion?

A

1569

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2
Q

when was the ridolfi plot?

A

1571

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3
Q

when was the throckmorton plot?

A

1583

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4
Q

when was the babington plot?

A

1586

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5
Q

what consequences would elizabeth face if she killed mary?

A
  • would condone the murder of her own cousin and a fellow monarch
  • anger the catholic community at home or abroad
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6
Q

how long was mary queen of scots held captive for?

A
  • 19 years whilst an inquiry was being done
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7
Q

what did the enquiry find?

A
  • casket letters suggested that they were guilty of murder
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8
Q

which plots was mary queen of scots the focus of?

A
  • northern rebellion of 1569 ; ridolfi plot of 1571 ; throckmorton plot of 1583 ; and the babington plot of 1586
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9
Q

mary queen of scots religion

A
  • catholic
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10
Q

when did mary qos become queen of scotland?

A
  • 1542
  • only 8 days old
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11
Q

mary qos marriage

A
  • married in 1558 the heir to the french throne and was briefly the queen of two countries
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12
Q

what happened after her husband’s death after she returned to scotland?

A
  • became increasingly unpopular
  • scotland had become increasingly protestant in her absence
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13
Q

when did mary flee to england?

A
  • 1567
  • accused of murder of her second husband, lord darnley, mary fled to england
  • her younger son james was crowned in her place
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14
Q

threat of mary being in england?

A
  • mary’s arrival in england concerning many protestants
  • they were worried she may lead/inspire a rebellion against elizabeth
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15
Q

babington plot 1586 - the plotter

A
  • young catholic called anthony babington planned to kill elizabeth, rescue mary and place her on the throne
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16
Q

babington plot 1586 - the plot

A
  • babington needed to know if mary supported her plan
  • managed to get mary’s servants to hide coded messages within beer barrels that were sent to her room
  • messages reached mary and she replied, giving her backing to the plot
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17
Q

babington plot 1586 - the plot uncovered

A
  • unfortunately for mary, the servants were spies for sir francis walsingham, elizabeth’s spymaster
  • the original message and mary’s reply were decoded and taken straight to elizabeth
  • it was clear that mary was plotting to kill the queen
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18
Q

babington plot 1586 - the aftermath

A
  • with such clear evidence, elizabeth had little choice but to act
  • although still hesitant, she ordered that mary should go on trial for treason
19
Q

elizabeth’s treatment of mary queen of scots : the trial

A
  • in october 1586, mary was put on trial before a court of 36 noblemen including walsingham and cecil
  • mary defended herself strongly and criticised the fact that she wasn’t allowed to see the evidence against her and claimed that she wasn’t english - she could not be guilty of treason
  • she refused to accept that the court had any right to pass sentence onto her
  • found guilty and sentenced to death on 25th october
20
Q

elizabeth’s treatment of mary queen of scots : the execution

A
  • elizabeth reluctant to sign mary’s death warrant
  • feared that executing a fellow monarch may inspire her enemies, or that mary’s son james may want revenge
  • also concerned about the reaction of the catholic powers: france and spain
  • signed the warrant - 1st february 1587
  • executed in private, seven days later with the earls of shrewsbury and kent as witnesses
21
Q

elizabeth’s treatment of mary queen of scots : the impact

A
  • without mary, catholics had no alternate monarch
  • the new heir to the throne was mary’s son, james - a protestant
  • many saw her as a martyr to her faith and execution as proof that elizabeth was a wicked heretic
  • elizabeth’s concern about the reaction abroad was unwarranted - there was outrage, but no action from france or spain
  • king james of scotland accepted elizabeth’s apology for the death of his mother
22
Q

why was there conflict between spain and england?

A
  • the papal bull
  • the issue of marriage
  • religious difference
  • the actions of sailors
  • the netherlands
23
Q

conflict - the papal bull

A
  • 1570 - pope excommunicated elizabeth and called for all catholics to challenge her rule
  • as a catholic, philip was keen to follow the pope’s instructions
24
Q

conflict - the issue of marriage

A
  • king philip ii of spain - had been married to elizabeth’s sister - mary i
  • joint monarch of england
  • their child would unite england and spain under one catholic king/queen
  • mary died childless in 1558
  • 1559 - philip proposed to elizabeth
  • kept him waiting for an answer
  • tensions between countries grew as it became clear that the marriage wouldn’t take place
25
Q

conflict - religious differences

A
  • elizabeth had returned to england to the protestant faith after the catholic years of mary i (1553-58)
  • spain remained catholic throughout all the religious changes of the reformation
  • such opposing religious ideas led to conflict
26
Q

conflict - the actions of sailors

A
  • sir francis drake and other english sailors had spent years raiding spanish ports and ships and stealing treasures from spanish colonies in south america and closer to home
  • most notable example - 1587 - drake led a raid on the port of cadiz
  • destroyed dozens of spanish ships in what became known as ‘singeing the king of spain’s beard’
  • elizabeth encouraged these acts by granting licenses in exchange for sharing the treasures with the country
27
Q

conflict - the netherlands

A
  • philip also ruled the netherlands
  • 1566 - protestant uprising in the country
  • philip sent troops to restore order but this led to even greater resistance from the rebels
  • wanted to avoid war with spain, but elizabeth agreed to send money to support the protestants and allowed english volunteers to go and help with the fight
  • also let rebel ships use english ports
  • angered philip greatly
  • dutch rebel leader - william orange - assassinated in 1584
  • december 1585 - elizabeth finally agreed to send english troops to support her fellow protestants
  • sent dudley with 7000 soldiers
  • clear act of war against spain
28
Q

naval warfare: the size of the fleet

A
  • henry viii spent a fortune building a huge navy to protect his island nation
  • before 1500, ships had merely been a way to get to battle
  • tudor ships -> designed to fight
  • under command of JOHN HAWKINS - england’s navy continued to grow
  • philip of spain also spared no expense in trying to make his navy the largest and the most powerful in the world
29
Q

naval warfare: tactics

A
  • when full scale battles were fought, a tactic called the line of battle was sometimes used
  • ships formed into a single line and fired together on the enemy to sink as many as possible
  • raids were a common form of attack
  • took enemy boats by surprise and destroyed as many ships as possible before the enemy had the chance to fight back
  • this attack also allowed treasure to be stolen
  • FIRESHIPS - an effective tactic used in the 16th century
  • an old ship would be set alight and sent into the middle of an enemy fleet
  • would send panic across the wooden ships and cause great damage at little risk to the attacker
30
Q

naval warfare : technology

A
  • new type of triangular sail - lateen- allowed for much faster travel and new ships allowed for greater speed and manoeuvrability
  • ships could therefore travel greater distances and perform better in raids and battles
  • new, more powerful cannons - meant that it was now possible to fire at enemy ships from a distance
  • previously, sailors would try to board enemy ships
  • ships were built specifically for battle and for use in the line of battle tactic
  • new inventions- like the astrolabe- allowed for greater accuracy when planning voyages and working out locations
  • helped sailors prepare much better for long voyages, particularly if they had to pass through hostile waters
31
Q

the spanish armada : the plan

A
  • 1588
  • Philip of Spain launched his great armada
  • 151 ships, 7000 sailors and 34000 soldiers would sail to the Netherlands and collect more men before invading England
  • sail in an unbreakable crescent formation
  • Philip so confident that he would defeat the English navy that he filled the ships with weapons for land battles he would follow once the fleet arrived in England
32
Q

the spanish armada : the English strike first

A
  • 6th august - armada was anchored off the Dutch coast
  • delayed for severs days waiting for additional soldiers to arrive
  • at this moment, the English, commanded by FD chose to strike
  • early on 7th August, 8 fire ships were sent into the spanish fleet
  • was mass panic and well organised armada was plunged into chaos
33
Q

the spanish armada : the battle

A
  • 8th august - battle of gravelines began
  • the English fired constantly from a distance of 100 metres
  • spanish ships were badly damaged but none were sunk
  • Spanish commander the Duke of medina-sidonia tried to lead his battered ships home
  • english gave chase
34
Q

spanish commander

A
  • Duke of Medina-Sidonia
35
Q

8 August

A

Battle of Gravelines began

36
Q

the spanish armada: the storm

A
  • a great storm blew the retreating armada way off course
  • food rotten, water polluted and with no maps for the waters around northern Britain, many ships were wrecked
  • survivors who made it to shore were slaughtered by the Scots or the Irish
  • of the 151 ships only 65 returned to spain
37
Q

the spanish armada: the storm

A
  • a great storm blew the retreating armada way off course
  • food rotten, water polluted and with no maps for the waters around northern Britain, many ships were wrecked
  • survivors who made it to shore were slaughtered by the Scots or the Irish
  • of the 151 ships only 65 returned to Spain
38
Q

how many ships returned to spain ?

A
  • of 151, only 65
39
Q

reasons the armada was defeated

A
  • english tactics
  • weather
  • spanish mistakes
40
Q

the defeat of the armada : english tactics

A
  • fireships broke the formation of the crescent shaped fleet
  • made individual ships vulnerable to attack
  • bombardment by the english cannons made regrouping impossible
  • english had faster ships and more experienced and skilled commanders
41
Q

the defeat of the armada: spanish mistakes

A
  • spanish ships designed for the Mediterranean and could not cope with the harsh conditions of the English Channel and the North Sea
  • they were delayed in the Netherlands because the soldiers weren’t ready to board
  • their weapons were mostly for land use, leaving them almost defenceless at sea
  • had also brought many of the wrong cannonballs
  • the commander of the fleet was inexperienced
42
Q

the defeat of the armada: the weather

A
  • storms created great destruction to the spanish fleet
  • the storms delayed their return to spain, meaning that their food and water went off or ran out
  • many sailors became too sick to sail
43
Q

the defeat of the armada: the weather

A
  • storms created great destruction to the spanish fleet
  • the storms delayed their return to spain, meaning that their food and water went off or ran out
  • many sailors became too sick to sail
44
Q

consequences of the defeat of the armada

A
  • great victory for the queen
  • proved England was a major naval power
  • country couldn’t rest
  • invasion remained a concern and Philip began planning a second attempt, but never actually tried again
  • Elizabeth continued to strengthen her navy
  • the armada had brought England together
  • under the threat of foreign invasion, most catholics had declared their total loyalty to Elizabeth
  • made Elizabeth even more popular and respected as a leader
  • helped boost the idea of a golden age

GCSE History : Elizabethan England (6 decks)

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