Part 3 - key dates and facts Flashcards
1
Q
when was norfolk’s rebellion?
A
1569
2
Q
when was the ridolfi plot?
A
1571
3
Q
when was the throckmorton plot?
A
1583
4
Q
when was the babington plot?
A
1586
5
Q
what consequences would elizabeth face if she killed mary?
A
- would condone the murder of her own cousin and a fellow monarch
- anger the catholic community at home or abroad
6
Q
how long was mary queen of scots held captive for?
A
- 19 years whilst an inquiry was being done
7
Q
what did the enquiry find?
A
- casket letters suggested that they were guilty of murder
8
Q
which plots was mary queen of scots the focus of?
A
- northern rebellion of 1569 ; ridolfi plot of 1571 ; throckmorton plot of 1583 ; and the babington plot of 1586
9
Q
mary queen of scots religion
A
- catholic
10
Q
when did mary qos become queen of scotland?
A
- 1542
- only 8 days old
11
Q
mary qos marriage
A
- married in 1558 the heir to the french throne and was briefly the queen of two countries
12
Q
what happened after her husband’s death after she returned to scotland?
A
- became increasingly unpopular
- scotland had become increasingly protestant in her absence
13
Q
when did mary flee to england?
A
- 1567
- accused of murder of her second husband, lord darnley, mary fled to england
- her younger son james was crowned in her place
14
Q
threat of mary being in england?
A
- mary’s arrival in england concerning many protestants
- they were worried she may lead/inspire a rebellion against elizabeth
15
Q
babington plot 1586 - the plotter
A
- young catholic called anthony babington planned to kill elizabeth, rescue mary and place her on the throne
16
Q
babington plot 1586 - the plot
A
- babington needed to know if mary supported her plan
- managed to get mary’s servants to hide coded messages within beer barrels that were sent to her room
- messages reached mary and she replied, giving her backing to the plot
17
Q
babington plot 1586 - the plot uncovered
A
- unfortunately for mary, the servants were spies for sir francis walsingham, elizabeth’s spymaster
- the original message and mary’s reply were decoded and taken straight to elizabeth
- it was clear that mary was plotting to kill the queen
18
Q
babington plot 1586 - the aftermath
A
- with such clear evidence, elizabeth had little choice but to act
- although still hesitant, she ordered that mary should go on trial for treason
19
Q
elizabeth’s treatment of mary queen of scots : the trial
A
- in october 1586, mary was put on trial before a court of 36 noblemen including walsingham and cecil
- mary defended herself strongly and criticised the fact that she wasn’t allowed to see the evidence against her and claimed that she wasn’t english - she could not be guilty of treason
- she refused to accept that the court had any right to pass sentence onto her
- found guilty and sentenced to death on 25th october
20
Q
elizabeth’s treatment of mary queen of scots : the execution
A
- elizabeth reluctant to sign mary’s death warrant
- feared that executing a fellow monarch may inspire her enemies, or that mary’s son james may want revenge
- also concerned about the reaction of the catholic powers: france and spain
- signed the warrant - 1st february 1587
- executed in private, seven days later with the earls of shrewsbury and kent as witnesses
21
Q
elizabeth’s treatment of mary queen of scots : the impact
A
- without mary, catholics had no alternate monarch
- the new heir to the throne was mary’s son, james - a protestant
- many saw her as a martyr to her faith and execution as proof that elizabeth was a wicked heretic
- elizabeth’s concern about the reaction abroad was unwarranted - there was outrage, but no action from france or spain
- king james of scotland accepted elizabeth’s apology for the death of his mother
22
Q
why was there conflict between spain and england?
A
- the papal bull
- the issue of marriage
- religious difference
- the actions of sailors
- the netherlands
23
Q
conflict - the papal bull
A
- 1570 - pope excommunicated elizabeth and called for all catholics to challenge her rule
- as a catholic, philip was keen to follow the pope’s instructions
24
Q
conflict - the issue of marriage
A
- king philip ii of spain - had been married to elizabeth’s sister - mary i
- joint monarch of england
- their child would unite england and spain under one catholic king/queen
- mary died childless in 1558
- 1559 - philip proposed to elizabeth
- kept him waiting for an answer
- tensions between countries grew as it became clear that the marriage wouldn’t take place
25
Q
conflict - religious differences
A
- elizabeth had returned to england to the protestant faith after the catholic years of mary i (1553-58)
- spain remained catholic throughout all the religious changes of the reformation
- such opposing religious ideas led to conflict
26
Q
conflict - the actions of sailors
A
- sir francis drake and other english sailors had spent years raiding spanish ports and ships and stealing treasures from spanish colonies in south america and closer to home
- most notable example - 1587 - drake led a raid on the port of cadiz
- destroyed dozens of spanish ships in what became known as ‘singeing the king of spain’s beard’
- elizabeth encouraged these acts by granting licenses in exchange for sharing the treasures with the country
27
Q
conflict - the netherlands
A
- philip also ruled the netherlands
- 1566 - protestant uprising in the country
- philip sent troops to restore order but this led to even greater resistance from the rebels
- wanted to avoid war with spain, but elizabeth agreed to send money to support the protestants and allowed english volunteers to go and help with the fight
- also let rebel ships use english ports
- angered philip greatly
- dutch rebel leader - william orange - assassinated in 1584
- december 1585 - elizabeth finally agreed to send english troops to support her fellow protestants
- sent dudley with 7000 soldiers
- clear act of war against spain
28
Q
naval warfare: the size of the fleet
A
- henry viii spent a fortune building a huge navy to protect his island nation
- before 1500, ships had merely been a way to get to battle
- tudor ships -> designed to fight
- under command of JOHN HAWKINS - england’s navy continued to grow
- philip of spain also spared no expense in trying to make his navy the largest and the most powerful in the world
29
Q
naval warfare: tactics
A
- when full scale battles were fought, a tactic called the line of battle was sometimes used
- ships formed into a single line and fired together on the enemy to sink as many as possible
- raids were a common form of attack
- took enemy boats by surprise and destroyed as many ships as possible before the enemy had the chance to fight back
- this attack also allowed treasure to be stolen
- FIRESHIPS - an effective tactic used in the 16th century
- an old ship would be set alight and sent into the middle of an enemy fleet
- would send panic across the wooden ships and cause great damage at little risk to the attacker
30
Q
naval warfare : technology
A
- new type of triangular sail - lateen- allowed for much faster travel and new ships allowed for greater speed and manoeuvrability
- ships could therefore travel greater distances and perform better in raids and battles
- new, more powerful cannons - meant that it was now possible to fire at enemy ships from a distance
- previously, sailors would try to board enemy ships
- ships were built specifically for battle and for use in the line of battle tactic
- new inventions- like the astrolabe- allowed for greater accuracy when planning voyages and working out locations
- helped sailors prepare much better for long voyages, particularly if they had to pass through hostile waters
31
Q
the spanish armada : the plan
A
- 1588
- Philip of Spain launched his great armada
- 151 ships, 7000 sailors and 34000 soldiers would sail to the Netherlands and collect more men before invading England
- sail in an unbreakable crescent formation
- Philip so confident that he would defeat the English navy that he filled the ships with weapons for land battles he would follow once the fleet arrived in England
32
Q
the spanish armada : the English strike first
A
- 6th august - armada was anchored off the Dutch coast
- delayed for severs days waiting for additional soldiers to arrive
- at this moment, the English, commanded by FD chose to strike
- early on 7th August, 8 fire ships were sent into the spanish fleet
- was mass panic and well organised armada was plunged into chaos
33
Q
the spanish armada : the battle
A
- 8th august - battle of gravelines began
- the English fired constantly from a distance of 100 metres
- spanish ships were badly damaged but none were sunk
- Spanish commander the Duke of medina-sidonia tried to lead his battered ships home
- english gave chase
34
Q
spanish commander
A
- Duke of Medina-Sidonia
35
Q
8 August
A
Battle of Gravelines began
36
Q
the spanish armada: the storm
A
- a great storm blew the retreating armada way off course
- food rotten, water polluted and with no maps for the waters around northern Britain, many ships were wrecked
- survivors who made it to shore were slaughtered by the Scots or the Irish
- of the 151 ships only 65 returned to spain
37
Q
the spanish armada: the storm
A
- a great storm blew the retreating armada way off course
- food rotten, water polluted and with no maps for the waters around northern Britain, many ships were wrecked
- survivors who made it to shore were slaughtered by the Scots or the Irish
- of the 151 ships only 65 returned to Spain
38
Q
how many ships returned to spain ?
A
- of 151, only 65
39
Q
reasons the armada was defeated
A
- english tactics
- weather
- spanish mistakes
40
Q
the defeat of the armada : english tactics
A
- fireships broke the formation of the crescent shaped fleet
- made individual ships vulnerable to attack
- bombardment by the english cannons made regrouping impossible
- english had faster ships and more experienced and skilled commanders
41
Q
the defeat of the armada: spanish mistakes
A
- spanish ships designed for the Mediterranean and could not cope with the harsh conditions of the English Channel and the North Sea
- they were delayed in the Netherlands because the soldiers weren’t ready to board
- their weapons were mostly for land use, leaving them almost defenceless at sea
- had also brought many of the wrong cannonballs
- the commander of the fleet was inexperienced
42
Q
the defeat of the armada: the weather
A
- storms created great destruction to the spanish fleet
- the storms delayed their return to spain, meaning that their food and water went off or ran out
- many sailors became too sick to sail
43
Q
the defeat of the armada: the weather
A
- storms created great destruction to the spanish fleet
- the storms delayed their return to spain, meaning that their food and water went off or ran out
- many sailors became too sick to sail
44
Q
consequences of the defeat of the armada
A
- great victory for the queen
- proved England was a major naval power
- country couldn’t rest
- invasion remained a concern and Philip began planning a second attempt, but never actually tried again
- Elizabeth continued to strengthen her navy
- the armada had brought England together
- under the threat of foreign invasion, most catholics had declared their total loyalty to Elizabeth
- made Elizabeth even more popular and respected as a leader
- helped boost the idea of a golden age
