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GCSE History : Elizabethan England > Part 2 - key dates and facts > Flashcards

Part 2 - key dates and facts Flashcards

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1
Q
  • reasons for poverty
A
  • actions of previous monarchs
  • agricultural changes
  • flu outbreak
  • population increase
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2
Q

henry vii - poverty

A
  • didn’t want nobles getting power
  • prevented them from having private armies
  • limited the right
  • soldiers lost many jobs
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3
Q

henry vii+viii - poverty

A
  • economic problems
  • collapse in cloth trade
  • loss of many jobs
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4
Q

bad harvest

A
  • 1594-1598
  • food shortage
  • increased prices
  • raised inflation
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5
Q

enclosure

A
  • landlords started keeping sheep on their land instead of renting to farmers
  • system called enclosure
  • rural unemployment - sheep farming required less workers
  • unemployed went to the city to find jobs but weren’t enough to go around
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6
Q

english wool

A

accounted for 81.6% of england’s exports- price for wool rose as demand did

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7
Q

flu outbreak

A
  • 1556
  • killed 200,000 people, including multiple farm owners
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8
Q

population increase

A
  • during q’s reign
  • 2.8 million to 4 million
  • shortage of places to live
  • landlords got power
  • increased rent - called rackrenting
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9
Q

reformation

A
  • monasteries shut down
  • unemployment of nuns, monks…
  • nowhere to live or work
  • monasteries also fed and housed the poor - worse conditions - left noone to care for them
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10
Q

1601 poor law

A
  • parliament passed a law that each parish was to collect taxes to support those who could not work - helpless poor
  • argued that the fit and healthy paupers should be given work
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11
Q

types of poor

A
  • helpless
  • idle
  • able-bodied
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12
Q

poverty 1491

A
  • beggars punished in stocks or sent back to their hometowns
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13
Q

poverty - 1576

A
  • ‘act for setting poor on work’ - poor relief act
  • different authorities dealt with this in their own way
  • LONDON - bedlam hosplital - built to house the mentally ill
  • bridewell palace - homeless shelter
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14
Q

poverty 1572 vagabonds act

A
  • whipped publicly
  • 2nd time caught - hole burnt in their ear
  • 3rd time - hanged
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15
Q

1576 act

A
  • poor relief act
  • distinguish between potent and unpotent poor
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16
Q

ACT FOR SETTING POOR ON WORK - YORK

A
  • 1515 - city authority issued beggar licenses, with a badge to identify holders
    -1528 - a master beggar was appointed to keep the others in order
  • sent to house of correction
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17
Q

ACT FOR SETTING POOR ON WORK - ipswich

A
  • introduced licensing system for beggars from 1569
  • opened a hospital specifically to help the old and sick
  • a youth training scheme introduced to help children to learn a trade and escape poverty
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18
Q

ACT FOR SETTING POOR ON WORK - norwich

A
  • rich citizens taxed to pay for the care of the vulnerable
  • city authorities separated the poor into the idle poor and the unfortunate poor
  • idle poor- given work such as knitting or sewing and the unfortunate poor were given food and care
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19
Q

charities

A
  • recognised that mainly paupers couldn’t help their situation
  • it was considered good for the rich to be charitable and it was their duty to help those below them in society
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20
Q

almshouses

A
  • established by archbishop whitgift
  • croydon and south london
  • provided accomodation and food for those in need
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21
Q

missionaries

A
  • spread protestantism to lands further away
  • challenge spain’s catholic ideas and the wealth they accumulated from their colonies
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22
Q

spain’s colonies

A
  • central and south america
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23
Q

portugal colonies

A
  • along the coastlines of west africa, india and brazil
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24
Q

brazil

A
  • had plantations of sugar and cotton, where slaves taken from west africa would work
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25
Q

how was exploration possible?

A
  • defences, better weapons, cannons made it easier to explore hostile territory
  • navigation - astrolabe - allowed the sailors to judge their position, more accurate compasses made navigation easier
  • technology - better designed ships - faster - triangular laneteen sail
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26
Q

circumnavigation

A
  • 1577-1580
  • francis drake - on the golden hind
  • single expedition
  • led to a new understanding of the world
  • with john hawkins
  • knighted in 1581
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27
Q

francis drake achievements

A
  • circumnavigation
  • made one of the first voyages to africa to capture people as slaves
  • see in “new world” of america - sold out spanish port - attacked by the spanish warships and many ships destroyed
  • drake became a privateer as revenge for the spanish - attacking enemy ships and taking their cargo - made him a fortune - el draque
  • made elizabeth and him a fortune, gave half to the queen, more than the royal income of the previous year
  • knighted in 1581
  • brought £200,000,000 back to england
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28
Q

walter raleigh

A
  • fav in elizabeth’s court
  • 1584 - had royal permission to explore the americas - ‘the new world’
  • would be allowed to colonise and take ownership of any land that was not ruled by a christian - in return - give the queen 1/5 of the gold and silver found
    -KNIGHTED - 1585
  • introduced potatoes and tobacco
  • banished in court - secretly married liz’s lady-in-waiting in 1592 - temporarily fell from grace but released from ToL in 1593- back in her fav
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29
Q

colonies established by WR

A
  • 1585 roanoke - east coast of america
  • didn’t last
  • second created in 1587 - seemed like it may succeed but then the colony’s leader returned and all colonists gone
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30
Q

impact of voyages

A
  • john hawkins and slave trade
  • wealth
  • power
  • territory
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31
Q

JOHN HAWKINS ACHIEVEMENTS

A
  • respected sailor and courtier
  • responsible for building navy and commanding it against spanish armada
  • 1564 - captured several hundred west africans and sold them in south america - first time process done by an englishman
  • successful privateer - thought to have brought tobacco to england
32
Q

1564

A
  • JOHN HAWKINS + SLAVE TRADE
33
Q

WEALTH ACQUIRED THROUGH VOYAGING

A
  • raiding of spanish ships and ports - allowed riches to be stolen and brought back ; trading system established - growth of england’s weath and new products like spices brought to england for the 1st time - new companies created to deal with trade in a specific area
  • trade - middlemen could now be cut out - english sailors directly deal with merchants in africa
  • trade in african slaves - brought significant wealth to individuals and to england as a whole - enabled more materials to be produced cheaply in the americas
34
Q

POWER IMPACT OF VOYAGES

A
  • naval power increased in england - able to hold its own in any sea battke
  • better tactics and weapons
  • francis drake
  • spanish armada - english victory
35
Q

east india company

A
  • 1600
  • to oversee trade in india and far east
  • trading silk, spices, cotton and tea into the far east indies
36
Q

levant company

A
  • exclusively dealt with trade in Turkey and the Middle East
37
Q

TERRITORY IMPACT OF VOYAGES

A
  • perserverance - increasing no of colonies - north america - in the name of the queen and successors
  • many failed attempts to colonise
38
Q

james lancaster

A
  • discovered route around cape of good town in SA to get to india and the spice islands (phillipines, indonesia….) for england in the 1590s
  • sailors thought passing the tip of africa would mean they fell off the world - goods no longer needed to pass the ottoman empire to reach england/europe
  • new learning and knowledge
39
Q

religious settlement

A

1559

40
Q

religious settlement - acts

A
  • act of supremacy - make elizabeth supreme governor of church, not supreme head
  • act of uniformity - everyone must attend church on sundays and holy days, or fined a shilling
  • royal injunctions - instructions on how to worship god and book of common prayer, banned pilgrimages to fake miracles, translated the bible into english and kept churches decorative
41
Q

PAPAL BULL

A
  • 1570
  • pope pius IV excommunicated Elizabeth from the catholic church, meaning the english couldn’t enter heaven and calling on catholics to rebel against her
  • countries like france or spain couldn’t invade - they sent and funded missionaries as part of the counter reformation - oppose protestant reformation with catholicism
  • cardinal william allen was funded by philip II to set up college at Douai in the Spanish netherlands to train missionaries to send to england
  • AIM WAS TO STIR UP REBELLION BY FORCING ENGLISH CATHOLICS TO CHOOSE BETWEEN THEIR QUEEN OR THEIR RELIGION
42
Q

religious rebellions

A
  • northern rebellion - 1569
  • ridolfi plot - 1571
  • throckmorton plot - 1583
  • babington plot - 1586
43
Q

northern rebellion - year

A

1569

44
Q

northern rebellion

A
  • inspired by elizabeth’s refusal to allow the duke of norfolk to marry her catholic cousin mary, qos
  • two northern nobles led a rebellion against the q
  • earl of westmorland and the earl of northumberland - took control of durham cathedral and held an illegal catholic mass
  • marched south with 4600 men
  • rebels disbanded when earl of sussex raised an army against them
  • northumberland was executed, westmorland escaped to france and norfolk was imprisoned
45
Q

the ridolfi plot 1571

A
  • led by italian called ridolfi
  • involved the duke of norfolk and a second northern rebellion
  • uprising would coincide with an invasion of foreign catholics from the netherlands and the murder of queen elizabeth
  • her catholic cousin Mary QOS was to be placed on the throne and would marry norfolk
  • plot discovered before it could be carried out
46
Q

throckmorton plot 1583

A
  • led by sir francis throckmorton
  • plan was to assassinate elizabeth and replace her with mary qos
  • there would then be an uprising of english catholics and a french invasion
  • spanish ambassador was also involved
  • when the plot failed, throckmorton was executed
47
Q

babington plot 1586

A
  • led by anthony babington
  • plan was to murder elizabeth and replace her with mary queen of scots
  • plot’s discovery led to trial and execution of mary
48
Q

the counter-reformation

A
  • attempt by catholic church to bring many protestants back to the old faith
49
Q

william allen

A
  • 1568
  • established a seminary at Douai in the netherlands to train catholic priests
  • allen aimed to send these priests to england as missionaries and had the full backing of pope
50
Q

society of jesus

A
  • created in 1540 and began to send missionaries to england from 1580
  • purpose was to convert the protestant population to catholicism
  • elizabeth saw jesuits as a threat
51
Q

key jesuits in england

A
  • edmund campion
  • robert parsons
  • arrived in england on 24th june 1580 as missionaries
  • campion became a wanted man - authorities were convinced he wanted to start a rebellion
  • seen as a threat to the stability of england
52
Q

changes in policy of the treatment towards catholics

A
  • 1571
  • 1581
  • 1585
  • 1593
53
Q

1571 - key points of law

A
  • recusancy files for catholics who did not take part in protestant services
  • could be fined or have property taken away
  • the rich could afford to pay and elizabeth didn’t enforce the law too harshly and when parliament tried to increase the fines, she resisted
  • became illegal to own any catholic items such as rosary beads
54
Q

1581- key points of law

A
  • recusancy fines increased to £20
  • more than most could afford
  • became high treason to convert to catholicism
55
Q

1585 - key points of law

A
  • any catholics priest who had been made a priest after 1559 was considered a traitor, and he or anyone protecting him faced death
  • became legal to kill anyone who attempted to assassinate the queen
56
Q

1593- key points of law

A
  • the ‘statute of confinement’
  • catholics could not travel more than five miles from home without permission from the authorities
57
Q

why did elizabeth’s religious policy change?

A
  • powerful catholics
  • the ridolfi, throckmorton and babington plots
  • jesuit missionaries
  • the threat from abroad
58
Q

powerful catholics

A
  • several powerful catholic families lived in the north of england
  • mostly remained loyal, but there was growing concern that they might obey the pope’s command and rebel
59
Q

the threat from abroad

A
  • both spain and france were powerful catholic countries and invasion was a real concern for elizabeth
  • spanish armada of 1588 showed the fear was justified
  • the threat declined towards the end of her reign, following the armada’s defeat
60
Q

jesuit missionaries

A
  • the popularity of people like campion undermined elizabeth’s authority
  • she could not allow them to spread their message
61
Q

the ridolfi, throckmorton and babington plots

A
  • although these plots failed, they showed that elizabeth had enemies who wanted to overthrow her and restore the catholic church
62
Q

puritans

A
  • strict protestants who were influenced by extreme protestants in europe, like john calvin
  • keen to remove all catholic elements from the english church
  • studied the bible, wanted plain clothing and simple services
63
Q

powerful puritans

A
  • sir francis walsingham - queen’s senior minister and spymaster - HE LARGELY KEPT HIS RELIGIOUS VIEWS TO HIMSELF, AWARE THEY MAY MAKE HIM POPULAR
  • robert dudley, earl of leicester - OPENLY CHALLENGED THE CHURCH
  • peter wentworth and anthony cope
64
Q

why did the influence of protestantism decline after 1590?

A
  • the church of england had brought stability to religion and people were willing to risk losing it
  • the death of powerful puritans removed its influence in the royal court - dudley and walsingham
  • whitgift’s crackdown broke the organisation of puritanism
  • the death of john field in 1588 - this important leader had inspired many and been highly critical of the church of england
65
Q

key reasons behind the plots and rebellions against elizabeth’s rule

A
  • religion - based on the belief that elizabeth had no right to be queen - aimed of replacing her with mary qos - BABINGTON AND NORTHERN
  • power and influence - result of rivalries within the privy council and the battle for influence over the queen - ESSEX’S
66
Q

why did plots against elizabeth fail?

A
  • a skilled politician
  • religious settlement
  • punishment
  • unconvincing alternatives
  • spies
67
Q

skilled politician

A
  • elizabeth good at getting her own way
  • dealt with parliament with great skill, allowing MPs and lords to feel like they had influence while still showing who had the final say
68
Q

religious settlement

A
  • elizabeth’s religious settlement policy kept the majority happy
  • although there were crackdowns on catholics and puritans later in her reign, religious differences were mostly tolerated
69
Q

punishments

A
  • rarely showed mercy to those who betrayed her
  • rebels were tortured and brutally executed
  • even executed her own cousin and her former fav earl of essex
  • for potential rebels, the consequences were clear
70
Q

unconvincing alternatives

A
  • most, even catholics preferred the idea of an english queen to a foreign ruler like mary qos or philip ii
  • mary not generally trusted - widely blamed for her husband’s death and philip had rarely shown any interest in the country after marrying mary ii - wife had sent hundreds of protestants to be burnt at the stake
  • lack of a popular alternative monarch - most rebellions couldn’t gain wide support
71
Q

spies

A
  • large network of spies - able to quickly identify threats and deal with troublemakers
  • sir francis walsingham - spymaster - one of the queens most trusted advisors
72
Q

puritan law

A
  • passed in 1593
  • allowed Elizabethan government to execute anyone suspected of being a recusant or a separatist
  • forced all separatists to accept the middle way or go to another country
73
Q

how did elizabeth tackle the puritan challenge?

A
  • making arrests
  • arrested Archbishop of Canterbury -Edmund Grindal- and replaced him with John Whitgift
  • grindal was a threat as he refused to shut down prophesying meetings
  • meetings criticised elizabethan church
  • elizabeth forced the clergy to swear loyalty to Elizabeth’s bishops and the elizabethan prayer book
  • stopped puritans from spreading their ideas through pamphlets
74
Q

why did puritans dislike the religious settlement?

A

it allowed too many Catholic ideas like bishops to survive

75
Q

separatists

A
  • puritans who rejected whitgifts ideas formed a new group
  • wanted to be separated from the angelican church
76
Q

Barrow and Greenwood

A
  • both hanged in 1593 for their writings
77
Q

Barrow and Greenwood

A
  • both hanged in 1593 for their writings

GCSE History : Elizabethan England (6 decks)

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