Part 2 - key dates and facts Flashcards
1
Q
- reasons for poverty
A
- actions of previous monarchs
- agricultural changes
- flu outbreak
- population increase
2
Q
henry vii - poverty
A
- didn’t want nobles getting power
- prevented them from having private armies
- limited the right
- soldiers lost many jobs
3
Q
henry vii+viii - poverty
A
- economic problems
- collapse in cloth trade
- loss of many jobs
4
Q
bad harvest
A
- 1594-1598
- food shortage
- increased prices
- raised inflation
5
Q
enclosure
A
- landlords started keeping sheep on their land instead of renting to farmers
- system called enclosure
- rural unemployment - sheep farming required less workers
- unemployed went to the city to find jobs but weren’t enough to go around
6
Q
english wool
A
accounted for 81.6% of england’s exports- price for wool rose as demand did
7
Q
flu outbreak
A
- 1556
- killed 200,000 people, including multiple farm owners
8
Q
population increase
A
- during q’s reign
- 2.8 million to 4 million
- shortage of places to live
- landlords got power
- increased rent - called rackrenting
9
Q
reformation
A
- monasteries shut down
- unemployment of nuns, monks…
- nowhere to live or work
- monasteries also fed and housed the poor - worse conditions - left noone to care for them
10
Q
1601 poor law
A
- parliament passed a law that each parish was to collect taxes to support those who could not work - helpless poor
- argued that the fit and healthy paupers should be given work
11
Q
types of poor
A
- helpless
- idle
- able-bodied
12
Q
poverty 1491
A
- beggars punished in stocks or sent back to their hometowns
13
Q
poverty - 1576
A
- ‘act for setting poor on work’ - poor relief act
- different authorities dealt with this in their own way
- LONDON - bedlam hosplital - built to house the mentally ill
- bridewell palace - homeless shelter
14
Q
poverty 1572 vagabonds act
A
- whipped publicly
- 2nd time caught - hole burnt in their ear
- 3rd time - hanged
15
Q
1576 act
A
- poor relief act
- distinguish between potent and unpotent poor
16
Q
ACT FOR SETTING POOR ON WORK - YORK
A
- 1515 - city authority issued beggar licenses, with a badge to identify holders
-1528 - a master beggar was appointed to keep the others in order - sent to house of correction
17
Q
ACT FOR SETTING POOR ON WORK - ipswich
A
- introduced licensing system for beggars from 1569
- opened a hospital specifically to help the old and sick
- a youth training scheme introduced to help children to learn a trade and escape poverty
18
Q
ACT FOR SETTING POOR ON WORK - norwich
A
- rich citizens taxed to pay for the care of the vulnerable
- city authorities separated the poor into the idle poor and the unfortunate poor
- idle poor- given work such as knitting or sewing and the unfortunate poor were given food and care
19
Q
charities
A
- recognised that mainly paupers couldn’t help their situation
- it was considered good for the rich to be charitable and it was their duty to help those below them in society
20
Q
almshouses
A
- established by archbishop whitgift
- croydon and south london
- provided accomodation and food for those in need
21
Q
missionaries
A
- spread protestantism to lands further away
- challenge spain’s catholic ideas and the wealth they accumulated from their colonies
22
Q
spain’s colonies
A
- central and south america
23
Q
portugal colonies
A
- along the coastlines of west africa, india and brazil
24
Q
brazil
A
- had plantations of sugar and cotton, where slaves taken from west africa would work
25
Q
how was exploration possible?
A
- defences, better weapons, cannons made it easier to explore hostile territory
- navigation - astrolabe - allowed the sailors to judge their position, more accurate compasses made navigation easier
- technology - better designed ships - faster - triangular laneteen sail
26
Q
circumnavigation
A
- 1577-1580
- francis drake - on the golden hind
- single expedition
- led to a new understanding of the world
- with john hawkins
- knighted in 1581
27
Q
francis drake achievements
A
- circumnavigation
- made one of the first voyages to africa to capture people as slaves
- see in “new world” of america - sold out spanish port - attacked by the spanish warships and many ships destroyed
- drake became a privateer as revenge for the spanish - attacking enemy ships and taking their cargo - made him a fortune - el draque
- made elizabeth and him a fortune, gave half to the queen, more than the royal income of the previous year
- knighted in 1581
- brought £200,000,000 back to england
28
Q
walter raleigh
A
- fav in elizabeth’s court
- 1584 - had royal permission to explore the americas - ‘the new world’
- would be allowed to colonise and take ownership of any land that was not ruled by a christian - in return - give the queen 1/5 of the gold and silver found
-KNIGHTED - 1585 - introduced potatoes and tobacco
- banished in court - secretly married liz’s lady-in-waiting in 1592 - temporarily fell from grace but released from ToL in 1593- back in her fav
29
Q
colonies established by WR
A
- 1585 roanoke - east coast of america
- didn’t last
- second created in 1587 - seemed like it may succeed but then the colony’s leader returned and all colonists gone
30
Q
impact of voyages
A
- john hawkins and slave trade
- wealth
- power
- territory
31
Q
JOHN HAWKINS ACHIEVEMENTS
A
- respected sailor and courtier
- responsible for building navy and commanding it against spanish armada
- 1564 - captured several hundred west africans and sold them in south america - first time process done by an englishman
- successful privateer - thought to have brought tobacco to england
32
Q
1564
A
- JOHN HAWKINS + SLAVE TRADE
33
Q
WEALTH ACQUIRED THROUGH VOYAGING
A
- raiding of spanish ships and ports - allowed riches to be stolen and brought back ; trading system established - growth of england’s weath and new products like spices brought to england for the 1st time - new companies created to deal with trade in a specific area
- trade - middlemen could now be cut out - english sailors directly deal with merchants in africa
- trade in african slaves - brought significant wealth to individuals and to england as a whole - enabled more materials to be produced cheaply in the americas
34
Q
POWER IMPACT OF VOYAGES
A
- naval power increased in england - able to hold its own in any sea battke
- better tactics and weapons
- francis drake
- spanish armada - english victory
35
Q
east india company
A
- 1600
- to oversee trade in india and far east
- trading silk, spices, cotton and tea into the far east indies
36
Q
levant company
A
- exclusively dealt with trade in Turkey and the Middle East
37
Q
TERRITORY IMPACT OF VOYAGES
A
- perserverance - increasing no of colonies - north america - in the name of the queen and successors
- many failed attempts to colonise
38
Q
james lancaster
A
- discovered route around cape of good town in SA to get to india and the spice islands (phillipines, indonesia….) for england in the 1590s
- sailors thought passing the tip of africa would mean they fell off the world - goods no longer needed to pass the ottoman empire to reach england/europe
- new learning and knowledge
39
Q
religious settlement
A
1559
40
Q
religious settlement - acts
A
- act of supremacy - make elizabeth supreme governor of church, not supreme head
- act of uniformity - everyone must attend church on sundays and holy days, or fined a shilling
- royal injunctions - instructions on how to worship god and book of common prayer, banned pilgrimages to fake miracles, translated the bible into english and kept churches decorative
41
Q
PAPAL BULL
A
- 1570
- pope pius IV excommunicated Elizabeth from the catholic church, meaning the english couldn’t enter heaven and calling on catholics to rebel against her
- countries like france or spain couldn’t invade - they sent and funded missionaries as part of the counter reformation - oppose protestant reformation with catholicism
- cardinal william allen was funded by philip II to set up college at Douai in the Spanish netherlands to train missionaries to send to england
- AIM WAS TO STIR UP REBELLION BY FORCING ENGLISH CATHOLICS TO CHOOSE BETWEEN THEIR QUEEN OR THEIR RELIGION
42
Q
religious rebellions
A
- northern rebellion - 1569
- ridolfi plot - 1571
- throckmorton plot - 1583
- babington plot - 1586
43
Q
northern rebellion - year
A
1569
44
Q
northern rebellion
A
- inspired by elizabeth’s refusal to allow the duke of norfolk to marry her catholic cousin mary, qos
- two northern nobles led a rebellion against the q
- earl of westmorland and the earl of northumberland - took control of durham cathedral and held an illegal catholic mass
- marched south with 4600 men
- rebels disbanded when earl of sussex raised an army against them
- northumberland was executed, westmorland escaped to france and norfolk was imprisoned
45
Q
the ridolfi plot 1571
A
- led by italian called ridolfi
- involved the duke of norfolk and a second northern rebellion
- uprising would coincide with an invasion of foreign catholics from the netherlands and the murder of queen elizabeth
- her catholic cousin Mary QOS was to be placed on the throne and would marry norfolk
- plot discovered before it could be carried out
46
Q
throckmorton plot 1583
A
- led by sir francis throckmorton
- plan was to assassinate elizabeth and replace her with mary qos
- there would then be an uprising of english catholics and a french invasion
- spanish ambassador was also involved
- when the plot failed, throckmorton was executed
47
Q
babington plot 1586
A
- led by anthony babington
- plan was to murder elizabeth and replace her with mary queen of scots
- plot’s discovery led to trial and execution of mary
48
Q
the counter-reformation
A
- attempt by catholic church to bring many protestants back to the old faith
49
Q
william allen
A
- 1568
- established a seminary at Douai in the netherlands to train catholic priests
- allen aimed to send these priests to england as missionaries and had the full backing of pope
50
Q
society of jesus
A
- created in 1540 and began to send missionaries to england from 1580
- purpose was to convert the protestant population to catholicism
- elizabeth saw jesuits as a threat
51
Q
key jesuits in england
A
- edmund campion
- robert parsons
- arrived in england on 24th june 1580 as missionaries
- campion became a wanted man - authorities were convinced he wanted to start a rebellion
- seen as a threat to the stability of england
52
Q
changes in policy of the treatment towards catholics
A
- 1571
- 1581
- 1585
- 1593
53
Q
1571 - key points of law
A
- recusancy files for catholics who did not take part in protestant services
- could be fined or have property taken away
- the rich could afford to pay and elizabeth didn’t enforce the law too harshly and when parliament tried to increase the fines, she resisted
- became illegal to own any catholic items such as rosary beads
54
Q
1581- key points of law
A
- recusancy fines increased to £20
- more than most could afford
- became high treason to convert to catholicism
55
Q
1585 - key points of law
A
- any catholics priest who had been made a priest after 1559 was considered a traitor, and he or anyone protecting him faced death
- became legal to kill anyone who attempted to assassinate the queen
56
Q
1593- key points of law
A
- the ‘statute of confinement’
- catholics could not travel more than five miles from home without permission from the authorities
57
Q
why did elizabeth’s religious policy change?
A
- powerful catholics
- the ridolfi, throckmorton and babington plots
- jesuit missionaries
- the threat from abroad
58
Q
powerful catholics
A
- several powerful catholic families lived in the north of england
- mostly remained loyal, but there was growing concern that they might obey the pope’s command and rebel
59
Q
the threat from abroad
A
- both spain and france were powerful catholic countries and invasion was a real concern for elizabeth
- spanish armada of 1588 showed the fear was justified
- the threat declined towards the end of her reign, following the armada’s defeat
60
Q
jesuit missionaries
A
- the popularity of people like campion undermined elizabeth’s authority
- she could not allow them to spread their message
61
Q
the ridolfi, throckmorton and babington plots
A
- although these plots failed, they showed that elizabeth had enemies who wanted to overthrow her and restore the catholic church
62
Q
puritans
A
- strict protestants who were influenced by extreme protestants in europe, like john calvin
- keen to remove all catholic elements from the english church
- studied the bible, wanted plain clothing and simple services
63
Q
powerful puritans
A
- sir francis walsingham - queen’s senior minister and spymaster - HE LARGELY KEPT HIS RELIGIOUS VIEWS TO HIMSELF, AWARE THEY MAY MAKE HIM POPULAR
- robert dudley, earl of leicester - OPENLY CHALLENGED THE CHURCH
- peter wentworth and anthony cope
64
Q
why did the influence of protestantism decline after 1590?
A
- the church of england had brought stability to religion and people were willing to risk losing it
- the death of powerful puritans removed its influence in the royal court - dudley and walsingham
- whitgift’s crackdown broke the organisation of puritanism
- the death of john field in 1588 - this important leader had inspired many and been highly critical of the church of england
65
Q
key reasons behind the plots and rebellions against elizabeth’s rule
A
- religion - based on the belief that elizabeth had no right to be queen - aimed of replacing her with mary qos - BABINGTON AND NORTHERN
- power and influence - result of rivalries within the privy council and the battle for influence over the queen - ESSEX’S
66
Q
why did plots against elizabeth fail?
A
- a skilled politician
- religious settlement
- punishment
- unconvincing alternatives
- spies
67
Q
skilled politician
A
- elizabeth good at getting her own way
- dealt with parliament with great skill, allowing MPs and lords to feel like they had influence while still showing who had the final say
68
Q
religious settlement
A
- elizabeth’s religious settlement policy kept the majority happy
- although there were crackdowns on catholics and puritans later in her reign, religious differences were mostly tolerated
69
Q
punishments
A
- rarely showed mercy to those who betrayed her
- rebels were tortured and brutally executed
- even executed her own cousin and her former fav earl of essex
- for potential rebels, the consequences were clear
70
Q
unconvincing alternatives
A
- most, even catholics preferred the idea of an english queen to a foreign ruler like mary qos or philip ii
- mary not generally trusted - widely blamed for her husband’s death and philip had rarely shown any interest in the country after marrying mary ii - wife had sent hundreds of protestants to be burnt at the stake
- lack of a popular alternative monarch - most rebellions couldn’t gain wide support
71
Q
spies
A
- large network of spies - able to quickly identify threats and deal with troublemakers
- sir francis walsingham - spymaster - one of the queens most trusted advisors
72
Q
puritan law
A
- passed in 1593
- allowed Elizabethan government to execute anyone suspected of being a recusant or a separatist
- forced all separatists to accept the middle way or go to another country
73
Q
how did elizabeth tackle the puritan challenge?
A
- making arrests
- arrested Archbishop of Canterbury -Edmund Grindal- and replaced him with John Whitgift
- grindal was a threat as he refused to shut down prophesying meetings
- meetings criticised elizabethan church
- elizabeth forced the clergy to swear loyalty to Elizabeth’s bishops and the elizabethan prayer book
- stopped puritans from spreading their ideas through pamphlets
74
Q
why did puritans dislike the religious settlement?
A
it allowed too many Catholic ideas like bishops to survive
75
Q
separatists
A
- puritans who rejected whitgifts ideas formed a new group
- wanted to be separated from the angelican church
76
Q
Barrow and Greenwood
A
- both hanged in 1593 for their writings
77
Q
Barrow and Greenwood
A
- both hanged in 1593 for their writings
