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AQA Chemistry [Paper 2] > [Part 3]- C12- using resources ♻️ > Flashcards

[Part 3]- C12- using resources ♻️ Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the benefits of phytomining and bioleaching ?

A
  • phytomining and bioleaching allow metals to be economically extracted from low-grade ores
  • this is important because, the Earth’s resources of metal ores are limited
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2
Q

What are life cycle assessments ?

A
  • a life cycle assessment, is an assessment carried out to assess the environmental impacts of products
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3
Q

What is the process of a life cycle assessment ?

A
  • the environmental impact of extracting and processing raw materials, is first assessed
  • the manufacturing and packaging of a product is then assessed
  • after, the use and operation of the product during its lifetime is assessed
  • and, the disposal at the end of the product’s life [including transport and distribution] are finally assessed
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4
Q

Describe the first and second stage in the life cycle assessment of plastic shopping bags 🛍️

A
  • extracting and processing raw materials- plastic bags are produced using chemicals from crude oil
  • but both crude oil and wood need to be chemically processed- which requires large amounts of energy, and releases waste products
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5
Q

What is an environmental impact of extracting crude oil ?

A
  • ; crude oil is a non-renewable resource, and extracting crude oil can be harmful to habitats [e.g- an oil leak]
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6
Q

Describe the first and second stage in the life cycle assessment of paper shopping bags 🛄

A
  • extracting and processing raw materials- paper bags are made from wood from trees
  • and trees are renewable, as more can be planted
  • ; felling trees for wood is destructive to habitats [such as forests]
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7
Q

What are the environmental impacts of processing wood ?

A
  • but both crude oil and wood need to be chemically processed- which requires large amounts of energy, and releases waste products
  • but making paper also requires large volumes of water
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8
Q

What is the third stage in the life cycle assessment of plastic shopping bags? 🛍️

A
  • use and operation- plastic bags are strong and are often reused [e.g- as bin liners]
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9
Q

What is the third stage in the life cycle assessment of paper shopping bags ? 🛄

A
  • use and operation- paper bags are not as strong as plastic bags, and tend to tear
  • and paper bags are often only used once, before being thrown away
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10
Q

What is the final stage in the life cycle assessment of plastic shopping bags? 🛍️

A
  • disposal at the end of the product’s life- both plastic and paper bags have to be transported to recycling or landfill
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11
Q

What is the final stage in the life cycle assessment of paper shopping bags ? 🛄

A
  • disposal at the end of the product’s life- both plastic and paper bags have to be transported to recycling or landfill
  • ; paper bags, are often heavier than plastic bags are take more energy to transport
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12
Q

What is a promblem with plastic bags ?

A
  • plastic is non-biodegradable, so it is not broken down by microorganisms
  • this means, plastic bags remain in the environment for a [very] long time
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13
Q
  • Fill in the gaps: paper breaks down quickly especially when it is ___
A
  • paper breaks down quickly especially when it is wet
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14
Q

Why are plastic bags a major form of litter ?

A
  • plastic bags remain in the environment for a [very] long time, as they are not bio-degradable
  • this means, plastic can also fill up landfill
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15
Q

Why are life cycle assessments not a purely objective process ?

A
  • life cycle assessments can measure the use of water, and can also measure the production of some waste products
  • ; life cycle assessments don’t provide a certainty of how damaging these are to the environment
  • so, estimates or value judgements sometimes have to be made [that are not accurate]
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16
Q
  • Fill in the gaps: life cycle assessments can be ____, to support claims by advertisers
A
  • life cycle assessments can be bias, to support claims by advertisers
17
Q

What are examples of materials produced from limited raw materials ?

A
  • glass
  • metals
  • building materials
  • clay ceramics
  • and [most] plastics
18
Q

How are raw materials often obtained ?

A
  • raw materials are often obtained by quarrying or mining; this causes environmental impacts
19
Q

What is quarrying ?

A
  • quarrying, is the process of removing: rock, sand, gravel or other minerals from the ground in order to use them to produce materials for construction or other uses.
20
Q

What is mining ?

A
  • mining, is the digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock
21
Q

What are three disadvantages of quarrying ?

A
  • quarrying produces large amounts of dust [due to regular blasting]
  • quarrying destroys habitats
  • quarrying can lead to an increased number of respiratory conditions [such as asthma]
22
Q

What are two disadvantages of mining ?

A
  • mining can release harmful chemicals into the environment
  • it takes lots of energy to turn the raw materials extracted from mining, into useful products- ;this energy typically comes from limited resources such as fossils fuels, that lead to climate change
23
Q

What are some advantages of quarrying ?

A
  • quarrying provides employment
  • quarrying supports the local economy
24
Q

Why is it important we try to reduce our need for raw materials, by reusing or recycling ?

A
  • reducing our need for raw materials, by reusing or recycling, helps to save limited resources and energy
  • ; this also reduces the amount of waste produced- meaning there is a less harmful effect on the environment
25
Q

Can glass bottles be reused ?

A
  • yes, products such as glass bottles can be reused or crushed and melted to make different glass products [e.g- jars]
26
Q

Can plastic bottles be recycled ?

A
  • yes, plastic bottles can be recycled to make fleece jackets and carpets
27
Q

How can metals be recycled ?

A
  • metals can be recycled, by melting them and recasting them into different products
28
Q

What is the promblem with recycling metals ?

A
  • different metals usually need to be separated, before being recycled
  • ; this depends on the properties of the final product because, some scrap metal can be added to iron from a blast furnace
29
Q

How can the amount of iron we need to extract from iron ore, be reduced ?

A
  • scrap metal can be added to iron from a blast furnace, to reduce the amount of iron we need to extract from iron ore

AQA Chemistry [Paper 2] (17 decks)

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