Part 3 - #61-90

Question 1

Ethos

Answer 1

The authors ability to reveal his or her credibility, expertise, or goodwill in the text.

Question 2

Euphemism

Answer 2

From the greek for “good speech,” euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be used to adhere to standards of political or social correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying “earthly remains” rather than “corpse” is an example of euphemism.

Question 3

Exposition

Answer 3

In essays, one of the four chief types of composition. The others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.

Question 4

Expository discourse

Answer 4

The elements of expository discourse include audience, purpose, structure or form, and speaker or voice.

Question 5

Extended metaphor

Answer 5

A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.

Question 6

Evidence

Answer 6

The idea (facts, statistics) that support an argument. Evidence takes different forms depending on the kind of writing in which it appears, but it is generally concrete, agreed-upon information that can be pointed to as an example or proof. When writer vicki hearn, in “whats wrongwith animal rights?” Advocates against animal rights advocates by pointing to things she learned as an animal trainer; she used her experience as evidence.

Question 7

Figurative language

Answer 7

Writing or speech that was not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.

Question 8

Figure of speech

Answer 8

A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.

Question 9

Flow

Answer 9

When ideas “flow” in an essay, speech, or narrative, they are presented in a fluent, seamless, logical, and/or meaningful way without any distractions or interruptions that impede the reader.

Question 10

Focus

Answer 10

In writing or speaking, to sustain attention on the purpose and/or controlling idea of the piece by consistently connecting the various parts of the piece to that purpose/controlling idea.

Question 11

Generic conventions

Answer 11

This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. Try to distinguish the unique features of a writers work from those dictated by convention.

Question 12

Genre

Answer 12

The major category into which a literary work fits, the basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist in many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, ect.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, ect. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, ect.

Question 13

Homily

Answer 13

This term literally means “sermon,” but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.

Question 14

Hyperbole

Answer 14

A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have comedic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.

Question 15

Imagery

Answer 15

The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represtent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color of a womans cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (it is the highest flower on the great chain of being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all images in a work.

Question 16

Inductive reasoning

Answer 16

Reasoning that begins by citing a number of specific instances or examples and then shows how collectively they constitute a general principle.

Question 17

Inference/infer

Answer 17

To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When someone asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it’s unlikely to be correct. Note that if the answer is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation–negative or positive–of the words used.

Question 18

Integrate

Answer 18

In any researched and/or documented essay: quoted, paraphrased, and/or summarized words of others that will be incorporated into the writers own text. To do this smoothly, writers should seamlessly blend or weave their own words with those of others. This is the integration of quotations and citations. If quotations, ect., are integrated, no quotation will stand alone as a sentence. For example: the greatest glossaries ever known, john smith asserts that “all good glossaries are writen in alphabetical order” (72). Here the words of john smith–those within the quotation marks–are introduced by the writers own words. The citation for the john smith recource–the greatest glossaries ever known–is integrated into the text, with the specific page number cited in parentheses at the end of the sentence.

Question 19

Introduction

Answer 19

The beginning of an essay; it should generally state a writers main point. An introduction can include a thesis statement and can even begin to develop the thesis, but it can also simply pose a question, the answer to which will be the essay’s thesis. It can also begin with a story/anecdote, out of which a thesis will develop. “William f. Buckley, jr.’s “why don’t we complain?” Is a good example of an anecdotal introduction.

Question 20

Draft

Answer 20

An unfinished essay that has not been completely revised, edited, and proofread. When still in the drafting stage, writers can rething not only the structures of the essay but the ideas as well.

Question 21

Invective

Answer 21

An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.

Question 22

Irony/ironic

Answer 22

The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) in verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writers (or speakers) true meaning. (2) in situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen. (3) in dramatic irony, facts or events that are unknown to a character in a play or a piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it’s used to create poignancy or humor.

Question 23

Jargon

Answer 23

The specialized vocabulary of a particular group.

Question 24

Juxtaposition

Answer 24

The location of one thing adjacent to another to cause an effect, reveal an attitude, or make a point.

Question 25

Logical argument, classical

Answer 25

Classical arguments derive from greek and roman philosophers and include three types of appeal: emotional appeal, or pathos–appeal to the emotions of the audience; logical appeal, or logos–appeal to reason; and ethical appeal, or ethos–the character or expertise of the speaker.

Question 26

Logical argument, contemporary

Answer 26

Contemporary arguments may employ strategies and appeals beyond the three that characterize classical argument. These may include, but are not limited to, argument by definition, induction, inference, and analogy.

Question 27

Logical fallacy

Answer 27

Refers to the flaw in the structure of an argument that renders the argument invalid. The term is also used to mean any argument that is faulty or problematic.

Question 28

Logos

Answer 28

The authors ability to reveal logic and reason in the text.

Question 29

Loose sentence

Answer 29

A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.

Question 30

Engage

Answer 30

To pique and maintain the interest of the reader throughout the reading of a text.