Part 3

Question 1

Cost versus environmental benefits (CO2 emissions)

Answer 1

Building fabric and design: low cost- high env. Benefits.
Services, metering: medium cost, medium benefits.
RE, CHP: high cost, low env benefits.
Priotorize solutions to which cost effective and have env benefits.

Question 2

Building energy auditing

Answer 2

• audits are investigations of energy use in area or site.
• identify energy use and costs, energy cost and consumption measurements can be implemented and reviewed.
• energy audits play major rule in energy retrofit to identify energy saving potential and provide information in the building performance assessment.
• energy audits give understanding on buildings energy performance and service systems.

Question 3

Energy audits divided into three categories:

Answer 3

1- walk through assessment.
2- energy survey and analysis.
3- detailed energy analysis.

Question 4

Building performance assessment and diagnostics are used to:

Answer 4

1- benchmark building energy use: baseline.
2- identify system operational problems: active, passive, control
3- find energy conservation opportunities.

Question 5

Building performance evaluation:

Answer 5

Building rating tools, LEED, BREAM, CASBEE, GREEN STAR, ESTIDAMA.
these ratings offer framework for assessing and enhancing energy efficiency.
All rating systems have different scope and criteria but have same points which leads the method of rating a building to compare it to KPIs (quantitative and qualitative).
- building performance can be measured by analyzing the discrepancy between assested building and KPI.

Question 6

Green concept concerns

Answer 6

Energy, waste, water, agriculture, facilities and services, IAQ and lighting, materials and construction, nature

Question 7

Green building rating systems

Answer 7

• r-2000 in canada.
  Breeam in uk
  Leed
  Estidama
  Pgbc palestine

Question 8

Green building evaluation criteria

Answer 8

Design, construction( structure), material, site, environmental impact, technology, energy and water consumption, IAQ

Question 9

Approaches to assess energy performance of buildings

Answer 9

1- measurement-based: measurements and metering.
2- performance based; electricity bills.
3- computational based: depends on input data from energy audits

Question 10

Quantification of buildings energy conservation benefits

Answer 10

• building retrofit decision support must have accurate energy benefits to prioritize retrofit measures.
• commonly evaluated by simulation and modeling.
  Simulating thermodynamic properties and energy performance.
  Energy plus, design buildier, ies, equest, doe.
  Another prediction is by using BIM building information modeling that involves modeling existing buildings, putting forward alternatives, evaluate building performance of these options and modeling enhancement.

Question 11

Economic analysis

Answer 11

Selection of retrofit incolves trade off between potential benefits and capital investment.
Energy efficiency and cost effictiveness can be detrmined with economic analysis. To compare retrofit measures.

Question 12

Single retrofit economic analysis

Answer 12

Npv, irr, benefit cost ratio bcr, spp

Question 13

Multiple retrofit economic analysis

Answer 13

Life cycle cost approach, multiple layer takes everything.

Question 14

Risk assessment

Answer 14

Determination of quantitative and qualititave value of risk related to retrofit measures.

Question 15

Variables that cause uncertainty, risk:

Answer 15

1- savings estimation.
2- energy use measurements.
3- weather forecasts.
4- shifts in patterns of energy consumption.
5- degradation in systems efficiency.
Risk assessment is probability based approach

Question 16

Levels of building upgrade options

Answer 16

1- building commissioning.
2- standard retrofits.
3- deep retrofits.

Question 17

Building commissioning

Answer 17

Improving building operations, restructuring mainetnace procedures, minimal risk and capital outlay, savings up to 25%.

Question 18

Standard retrofit

Answer 18

Most cost effective and lowest risk, replacement of existing equipment for improved efficiency. Savings 25-45%

Question 19

Deep retrofit

Answer 19

Integrated whole building approach, upgrades to the building envelope with other retrofits like lighting and mechanical.
Savings more than 45%

Question 20

Energy upgrading strategies

Answer 20

1- staged approach.
2- integrated approach.

Question 21

Staged approach

Answer 21

Complete improvement to buildings system in order that reflects to influence one system on another.
Updront project costs can be spread over longer period.
Quick paypacks.
Energy saving is phasing over time

Question 22

Integrated approach

Answer 22

Retrofit multiple building systems with a package of measures of varying complexities and financial benefits being installed at the same time.
Meet energy savings goals in short period.
Overall economics of the project are improved,
Energy savings begin at high levels.
Allows for optimization of equipment sizes.