Part 3 Flashcards
Mention 3 main viral targets of antiretroviral chemotherapy! Mention one antiviral drug for each target!
HIV reverse transcriptase (e.g., abacavir) , protease (e.g., ritonavir) and integrase (e.g., raltegravir)
What is the principle of the „highly active antiretroviral therapy” (HAART) currently used as the first-line treatment of AIDS!
Combination of two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2 NRTI) with either a nonnucleosid reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a protease inhibitor (PI) or an integrase inhibitor (II)
2 NRTI + NNRTI / PI / II
The up-to-date antiviral drugs against hepatitis C virus are classified into 3 groups based on the molecular target. Specify each of the three groups together with one example!
protease inhibitors - grazoprevir
polymerase inhibitors - sofosbuvir
replication complex inhibitors - velpatasvir
Mention 2 antiviral drugs used therapeutically in chronic heaptitis B infections?
entecavir, tenofovir
Which component of the influenza virus is the target of oseltamivir (Tamiflu®)?
neuraminidase
What does the term robovirus mean? Write an example for a robovirus!
Robovirus: rodent reservoir (rodent-borne) Sin Nombre virus
What does the term arbovirus mean? Write an example for an arbovirus!
Arbovirus: arthropode vector (arthropode-borne);
Flaviviridae – yellow fever virus
Mention three viruses causing haemorrhagic fever!
yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus
Which virus can cause haemorrhagic fever with hepatitis and nephritis?
yellow fever virus
Describe the 2 different epidemiological cycles of yellow fever!
Jungle yellow fever: reservoir: monkeys; vector: mosquitos; humans: accidental
hosts
Urban yellow fever: reservoirs: humans; vectors : mosquitos
How can we prevent tick borne encephalitis?
Active immunization: killed virus vaccine, passive: specific immune globulin
Mention at least 4 opportunistic infections characteristic for AIDS!
Viruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HCMV, EBV, HHV-8, HPV
Protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii
Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, atypical Mycobacteria, Salmonella septicaemia
Fungi: Pneumocystis jiroveci, Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans
Describe the principals of the laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection!
Screening: by ELISA (demonstration of viral antigen and antibodies) Verification: Western-blot assay
Mention at least three sexually transmitted viral infections!
HPV, HSV-1, HSV-2, HIV, HBV, molluscum contagiosum virus
Mention two viruses that are capable of causing transplacental infections!
Rubella virus, HCMV, parvovirus B19, HIV, Zika virus
Mention 2 viral diseases whose preventive strategy involves passive immunization!
Rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, HBV, VZV, measles
List at least three viruses capable of causing (meningo)encephalitis!
Rabies, HSV, VZV, tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, eastern and western equine encepahalitis, mumps, poliovirus, coxsackie virus, echovirus
What is the nature(s) of antigen in the vaccine against yellow fever?
Live attenuated virus (17D strain)
- Which viruses can cause human tumors? Mention at least 4!
HPV, EBV, HHV-8, HBV, HCV, HTLV
Which non-malignant disease is caused by Epstein-Barr virus?
Mononucleosis infectiosa (heterophil positive)
Mention 3 types of human malignancies caused by EBV!
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, other B-cell lymphomas
What type of human cancer is caused most frequently by HHV-8?
Kaposi’s sarcoma
What types of human cancers are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types?
genital cancers, most importantly cervical cancer
Which malignant disease is caused by human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)?
adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL)
Which hepatitis virus infections increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?
HBV, HCV, HDV
What does the nonavalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine contain?
It contains VLPs (virus like particles) composed of L1 proteins of 2 low-risk HPV types (6 and 11), and 7 high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58).
