Part 3

Question 1

Mention 3 main viral targets of antiretroviral chemotherapy! Mention one antiviral drug for each target!

Answer 1

HIV reverse transcriptase (e.g., abacavir) , protease (e.g., ritonavir) and integrase (e.g., raltegravir)

Question 2

What is the principle of the „highly active antiretroviral therapy” (HAART) currently used as the first-line treatment of AIDS!

Answer 2

Combination of two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2 NRTI) with either a nonnucleosid reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a protease inhibitor (PI) or an integrase inhibitor (II)
2 NRTI + NNRTI / PI / II

Question 3

The up-to-date antiviral drugs against hepatitis C virus are classified into 3 groups based on the molecular target. Specify each of the three groups together with one example!

Answer 3

protease inhibitors - grazoprevir
polymerase inhibitors - sofosbuvir
replication complex inhibitors - velpatasvir

Question 4

Mention 2 antiviral drugs used therapeutically in chronic heaptitis B infections?

Answer 4

entecavir, tenofovir

Question 5

Which component of the influenza virus is the target of oseltamivir (Tamiflu®)?

Answer 5

neuraminidase

Question 6

What does the term robovirus mean? Write an example for a robovirus!

Answer 6

Robovirus: rodent reservoir (rodent-borne) Sin Nombre virus

Question 7

What does the term arbovirus mean? Write an example for an arbovirus!

Answer 7

Arbovirus: arthropode vector (arthropode-borne);
Flaviviridae – yellow fever virus

Question 8

Mention three viruses causing haemorrhagic fever!

Answer 8

yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus

Question 9

Which virus can cause haemorrhagic fever with hepatitis and nephritis?

Answer 9

yellow fever virus

Question 10

Describe the 2 different epidemiological cycles of yellow fever!

Answer 10

Jungle yellow fever: reservoir: monkeys; vector: mosquitos; humans: accidental
hosts
Urban yellow fever: reservoirs: humans; vectors : mosquitos

Question 11

How can we prevent tick borne encephalitis?

Answer 11

Active immunization: killed virus vaccine, passive: specific immune globulin

Question 12

Mention at least 4 opportunistic infections characteristic for AIDS!

Answer 12

Viruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HCMV, EBV, HHV-8, HPV
Protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii
Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, atypical Mycobacteria, Salmonella septicaemia
Fungi: Pneumocystis jiroveci, Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 13

Describe the principals of the laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection!

Answer 13

Screening: by ELISA (demonstration of viral antigen and antibodies) Verification: Western-blot assay

Question 14

Mention at least three sexually transmitted viral infections!

Answer 14

HPV, HSV-1, HSV-2, HIV, HBV, molluscum contagiosum virus

Question 15

Mention two viruses that are capable of causing transplacental infections!

Answer 15

Rubella virus, HCMV, parvovirus B19, HIV, Zika virus

Question 16

Mention 2 viral diseases whose preventive strategy involves passive immunization!

Answer 16

Rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, HBV, VZV, measles

Question 17

List at least three viruses capable of causing (meningo)encephalitis!

Answer 17

Rabies, HSV, VZV, tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, eastern and western equine encepahalitis, mumps, poliovirus, coxsackie virus, echovirus

Question 18

What is the nature(s) of antigen in the vaccine against yellow fever?

Answer 18

Live attenuated virus (17D strain)

Question 19

79. Which viruses can cause human tumors? Mention at least 4!

Answer 19

HPV, EBV, HHV-8, HBV, HCV, HTLV

Question 20

Which non-malignant disease is caused by Epstein-Barr virus?

Answer 20

Mononucleosis infectiosa (heterophil positive)

Question 21

Mention 3 types of human malignancies caused by EBV!

Answer 21

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, other B-cell lymphomas

Question 22

What type of human cancer is caused most frequently by HHV-8?

Answer 22

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 23

What types of human cancers are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types?

Answer 23

genital cancers, most importantly cervical cancer

Question 24

Which malignant disease is caused by human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)?

Answer 24

adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL)

Question 25

Which hepatitis virus infections increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?

Answer 25

HBV, HCV, HDV

Question 26

What does the nonavalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine contain?

Answer 26

It contains VLPs (virus like particles) composed of L1 proteins of 2 low-risk HPV types (6 and 11), and 7 high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58).