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Pharmaceutics II Exam 1 > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of a clarifying agent

A

used as a FILTERING AID because of its adsorbent qualities

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2
Q

give example(s) of clarifying agents

A

bentonite
talc

talc is used in baby powder as an adsorbent to adsorb the excess oil from our body

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3
Q

give a scenario in which a clarifying agent would be added (to a pharmaceutical preparation)

A

in a hydroalcoholic solution such as elixir, a lot of oil will not dissolve and we need to remove it.

we can’t filter the preparation because then the API would be removed, so a clarifying agent is added

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4
Q

true or false

elixirs must be completely clear

A

true. it is a solution

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5
Q

why is an emulsifying agent used?

A

to promote and maintain the dispersion of fine droplets of a liquid in a vehicle in which it is IMMISCIBLE

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6
Q

give 6 examples of emulsifying agents

A

acacia
cetomacrogol
cetyl alcohol
glyceryl monostereate
sorbitan monooleate
polyoxyethylene 50 stearate

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7
Q

the higher the surface area, the _____ the energy

A

higher

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8
Q

what is the end product after using an emulsifying agent

A

either a liquid emulsion or a semisolid emulsion

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9
Q

a cream is what kind of emulsion?

A

semisolid emulsion

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10
Q

Emulsifying agents help the droplets to _________

A

retain energy

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11
Q

encapsulating agents are used to do what?

A

to form thin shells to enclose a drug substance/formulation for easy administration

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12
Q

give example(s) of encapsulating agents

A

gelatin and CAP (cellulose acetate phthalate)

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13
Q

explain how gelatin works and what it is used as

A

used as an encapsulating agent. gelatin is hard and will not dissolve in cold water – only hot

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14
Q

explain CAP and what it is used for

A

cellulose acetate phthalate – used as an encapsulating agent.
it is often used in enteric coating

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15
Q

which are easier to swallow – tablets or capsules

A

capsules due to the coating (encapsulating agent)

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16
Q

a flavorant is used to….

A

impart a pleasant flavor (and often odor) to a pharmaceutical preparation

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17
Q

true or false

only natural flavorants exist

A

FALSE – both natural and synthetic exist

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18
Q

give 7 examples of flavorants

A

anise oil
cinnamon oil
cocoa
menthol
orange oil
peppermint oil
vanilla

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19
Q

of the 7 flavorants mentioned, which has a cooling effect?

A

menthol. has both flavor and cooling effect.

chewable and fast dissolving tablets often contain menthol

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20
Q

what is the function of a humectant

A

to prevent preparations from drying — particularly ointments and creams. humectants RETAIN MOISTURE

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21
Q

ointments and creams are ___ dosage forms

A

local

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22
Q

name 3 humectants

A

glycerin, PPG (propylene glycol), and sorbitol

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23
Q

of the 3 humectants mentioned, which is used most frequently?

A

glycerin

also used as a cosolvent in the solution dosage form

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24
Q

why is a levigating agent used?

A

as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a drug powder by grinding together (usually with a mortar and pestle)

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25
Q

true or false

a levigating agent is a liquid

A

TRUE

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26
Q

give 3 examples of levigating agents

A

glycerin
PPg (propylene glycol)
mineral oil

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27
Q

is glycerin water soluble?

A

yes

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28
Q

how do you determine which levigating agent to use?

A

it has to have the opposite properties of your product

for instance, for a water insoluble drug use glycerin (its water soluble) but for a water soluble drug use mineral oil (its water insoluble)

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29
Q

what is the difference between a levigating agent and a cosolvent?

A

a levigating agent SHOULD NOT dissolve the drug while a cosolvent should

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30
Q

levigation is a method to..

A

reduce particle size

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31
Q

give the definition of an ointment base

A

a semi-solid vehicle into which drug substances are incorporated in preparing medicated ointments

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32
Q

give 8 examples of ointment bases

A

lanolin
petrolatum
hydrophilic ointment
hydrophilic petrolatum
polyethylene glycol ointment
white ointment
yellow ointment
rose water ointment

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33
Q

of the 8 ointment bases mentioned, which 2 are for protection purposes?

A

lanolin and petrolatum

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34
Q

true or false

hydrophilic ointment and hydrophilic petrolatum are the same

A

false

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35
Q

why are plasticizers used?

A

enhances the spreading of film coating solution over tablets, beads, and granules

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36
Q

give 2 examples of plasticizers

A

DEP (diethyl phthalate)
glycerin

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37
Q

define a solvent

A

an agent used to dissolve another pharmaceutic substance or a drug (in preparing solutions)

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38
Q

true or false

a solvent may be aqueous or nonaqueous

A

true

ex: nonaqueous could be oleaginous (oil based)

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39
Q

can nonaqueous solvents be injected?

A

yes, but only IM and SUBQ

40
Q

is purified water pyrogen free? is it sterile?

A

no to both

41
Q

is water for injection pyrogen free? is it sterile?

A

yes it’s pyrogen free, but not sterile

42
Q

is sterile water for injection pyrogen free? is it sterile?

A

pyrogen free and sterile

43
Q

does sterile water for injection contain preservatives? what can you conclude from this?

A

does NOT contain preservatives, therefore it is only single dose

44
Q

is sterile water for irrigation pyrogen free? is it sterile? does it contain preservatives? can it be injected?

A

pyrogen free and sterile

does not contain preservatives and cannot be injected

45
Q

is bacteriostatic water for injection pyrogen free? is it sterile? multi dose or single?

A

pyrogen free and sterile
contains preservatives, therefore it is multidose

46
Q

can purified water be used in oral and topical preparations?

A

yes

47
Q

true or false

to be injected, water does not need to be pyrogen free

A

false - it does

48
Q

is sterile water for irrigation a solvent?

A

NO

49
Q

what is a potential purpose of using a nonaqueous solution

A

a longer duration of action

50
Q

why is a stiffening agent used?

A

to increase the thickness or hardness of a pharmaceutical preparation, USUALLY AN OINTMENT

51
Q

how many carbons is “cetyl”

A

16

52
Q

give 7 examples of stiffening agents

A

cetyl alcohol
cetyl esters wax
microcrystalline wax
paraffin
stearyl alcohol
white wax
yellow wax

53
Q

stearyl has how many carbons

A

18

54
Q

why is a suppository base used?

A

vehicle for drugs in the preparation of suppositories

Needs to be hard enough so we can insert the suppository

55
Q

give 3 examples of suppository bases

A

cocoa butter - natural
polyethylene glycols (mixtures)
PEG 3350

56
Q

explain how PEG mixtures are used in suppository bases

A

mixing high MW PEG and low MW PEG to get a useful hardness

57
Q

true or false

a lot of surfactants can also be termed emulsifying agents

A

true

58
Q

give the lengthened name of “surfactant”

A

surface active agent

59
Q

define a surfactant

A

substance which absorbs to surfaces or interfaces to REDUCE SURFACE OR INTERFACIAL TENSION

60
Q

Surfactants may be used as _____, _____, or _______

A

wetting agents, detergents, or emulsifying agents

61
Q

give 6 examples of surfactants

A

benzalkonium chloride (also an antimicrobial preservative!)

nonoxynol 10
octoxynol 9
polysorbate 80
sodium lauryl sulfate
sorbitan monopalmitate

62
Q

how can you tell if benzalkonium chloride is being used as a preservative or a surfactant?

A

if a preservative, it will be used in a very small quantity

63
Q

of the 6 surfactants mentioned, which is used as a contraceptive?

A

octoxynol 9. inhibits the motility of sperm

64
Q

define a suspending agent

A

a viscosity increasing agent used to REDUCE THE SEDIMENTATION OF DRUG PARTICLES dispersed throughout a vehicle in which they are INSOLUBLE

65
Q

suspensions may be formulated for use in what 4 dosage forms?

A

orally
parenteral (only subq and im)
ophthalmic
topically
(others)

66
Q

give 11 examples of suspending agents.

which 3 are natural? for which route are they preferred?

A

3 natural and preferred for oral route:
-kaolin
-tragacanth
-veegum

other:

agar
bentonite
carbomer (Carbopol)
CMC (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose)
HPC (hydroxypropyl cellulose)
HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose)
MC (methylcellulose)

67
Q

what is carbopol?

A

aka carbomer. a suspending agent

68
Q

true or false

bentonite, kaolin, and tragacanth are all natural suspending agents

A

FALSE

kaolin
tragacanth
veegum

69
Q

sweetening agents are used to….

A

impart sweetness to a preapration

70
Q

give 7 examples of sweetening agents

A

aspartame
dextrose
glycerin
mannitol
saccharin sodium
sorbitol
suucrose

71
Q

of the 7 sweetening agents mentioned, which has a cooling effect?
which can be used as a diluent in the tablet dosage form?

A

mannitol for both

72
Q

true or false

chewable tablets need sweetener

A

true

73
Q

what are tablet antiadherents?

A

agents which prevent sticking of the tablet formulation ingredients to punches and dies in the tablet machine (during production)

74
Q

give 2 examples of tablet antiadherents

A

magnesium stearate and talc

75
Q

what are tablet binders?

A

they cause adhesion of the powder (excipients+API) in tablet granulations

76
Q

if you squeeze a tablet and it crumbles easily, that means there is not enough….

A

BINDER

77
Q

_____ excipients are needed to prevent damage of tablets while being shipped

A

tablet binders

78
Q

what are tablet and capsule diluents?

A

substances that are used as FILLERS to create the desired bulk, flow, and compression characteristics in the preparation of tablets and capsules

79
Q

what is the most popular tablet/capsule diluent

A

Ditab (dibasic calcium phosphate)

80
Q

______ and ditab are not compatible. a complex will be formed

A

tetracycline tablets and ditab

81
Q

name 3 major functions of tablet coating agents

A
  1. Stability. protects against drug decomposition by atmospheric oxygen or humidity
  2. Provides a desired release pattern
  3. Mask the taste or odor, or for aesthetic purposes
82
Q

name the types of tablet coating agents

A

sugar coating
film coating
enteric coating

83
Q

__________coatings may be used to coat tablets and beads to slow the release of the drug as it passes through the GI tract

A

WATER INSOLUBLE

84
Q

Give an example of a water insoluble tablet coating agent

A

ethylcellulose

85
Q

Sugar coating is _______ based and results in…..

A

sugar coating is WATER BASED and results in a THICKENED COVERING around a formed tablet

86
Q

Do sugar coated tablets dissolve in the stomach?

A

yes, they generally start to break up in the stomach

87
Q

give 2 examples of sugar coating

A

liquid glucose
sucrose

88
Q

will film coating dissolve in the stomach?

A

YES, unless it is enteric coated

89
Q

define a film coating

A

a thin cover around a formed tablet or bead

90
Q

give 5 examples of film coating

A

hydroxyethyl cellulose
hydroxypropyl cellulose
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
methylcellulose (methocel)
ethylcellulose (ethocel)

91
Q

true or false

for film coating, it dissolves regardless of pH.
for enteric coating, it only dissolves in high pH

A

true

92
Q

define enteric coating

A

will pass the stomach and break up in the intestines

93
Q

give 2 examples of enteric coating

A

cellulose acetate phthalate
Shellac: (35% in alcohol, pharmaceutical glaze)

94
Q

which has a longer duration of action:

-40% of the tablet dissolves and 60% remains on the surface

-20% of the tablet dissolves and 80% remains on the surface

A

80% remains on the surface has a longer duration of action because that 80% will continually slowly release and provide longer therapeutic effect

this is called a CONVENTIONAL CONTROLLED RELEASE DOSAGE FORM and is done using coating.

95
Q

what is the downside of sugar coating?
what is the solution?

A

it takes around 7 days to do this in the industry.

a solution is to do a POLYMER COATING instead. still solves the stability and taste issues but doesnt take as long

96
Q
A

Pharmaceutics II Exam 1 (9 decks)

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