Part 3 Flashcards
what is the purpose of a clarifying agent
used as a FILTERING AID because of its adsorbent qualities
give example(s) of clarifying agents
bentonite
talc
talc is used in baby powder as an adsorbent to adsorb the excess oil from our body
give a scenario in which a clarifying agent would be added (to a pharmaceutical preparation)
in a hydroalcoholic solution such as elixir, a lot of oil will not dissolve and we need to remove it.
we can’t filter the preparation because then the API would be removed, so a clarifying agent is added
true or false
elixirs must be completely clear
true. it is a solution
why is an emulsifying agent used?
to promote and maintain the dispersion of fine droplets of a liquid in a vehicle in which it is IMMISCIBLE
give 6 examples of emulsifying agents
acacia
cetomacrogol
cetyl alcohol
glyceryl monostereate
sorbitan monooleate
polyoxyethylene 50 stearate
the higher the surface area, the _____ the energy
higher
what is the end product after using an emulsifying agent
either a liquid emulsion or a semisolid emulsion
a cream is what kind of emulsion?
semisolid emulsion
Emulsifying agents help the droplets to _________
retain energy
encapsulating agents are used to do what?
to form thin shells to enclose a drug substance/formulation for easy administration
give example(s) of encapsulating agents
gelatin and CAP (cellulose acetate phthalate)
explain how gelatin works and what it is used as
used as an encapsulating agent. gelatin is hard and will not dissolve in cold water – only hot
explain CAP and what it is used for
cellulose acetate phthalate – used as an encapsulating agent.
it is often used in enteric coating
which are easier to swallow – tablets or capsules
capsules due to the coating (encapsulating agent)
a flavorant is used to….
impart a pleasant flavor (and often odor) to a pharmaceutical preparation
true or false
only natural flavorants exist
FALSE – both natural and synthetic exist
give 7 examples of flavorants
anise oil
cinnamon oil
cocoa
menthol
orange oil
peppermint oil
vanilla
of the 7 flavorants mentioned, which has a cooling effect?
menthol. has both flavor and cooling effect.
chewable and fast dissolving tablets often contain menthol
what is the function of a humectant
to prevent preparations from drying — particularly ointments and creams. humectants RETAIN MOISTURE
ointments and creams are ___ dosage forms
local
name 3 humectants
glycerin, PPG (propylene glycol), and sorbitol
of the 3 humectants mentioned, which is used most frequently?
glycerin
also used as a cosolvent in the solution dosage form
why is a levigating agent used?
as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a drug powder by grinding together (usually with a mortar and pestle)
true or false
a levigating agent is a liquid
TRUE
give 3 examples of levigating agents
glycerin
PPg (propylene glycol)
mineral oil
is glycerin water soluble?
yes
how do you determine which levigating agent to use?
it has to have the opposite properties of your product
for instance, for a water insoluble drug use glycerin (its water soluble) but for a water soluble drug use mineral oil (its water insoluble)
what is the difference between a levigating agent and a cosolvent?
a levigating agent SHOULD NOT dissolve the drug while a cosolvent should
levigation is a method to..
reduce particle size
give the definition of an ointment base
a semi-solid vehicle into which drug substances are incorporated in preparing medicated ointments
give 8 examples of ointment bases
lanolin
petrolatum
hydrophilic ointment
hydrophilic petrolatum
polyethylene glycol ointment
white ointment
yellow ointment
rose water ointment
of the 8 ointment bases mentioned, which 2 are for protection purposes?
lanolin and petrolatum
true or false
hydrophilic ointment and hydrophilic petrolatum are the same
false
why are plasticizers used?
enhances the spreading of film coating solution over tablets, beads, and granules
give 2 examples of plasticizers
DEP (diethyl phthalate)
glycerin
define a solvent
an agent used to dissolve another pharmaceutic substance or a drug (in preparing solutions)
true or false
a solvent may be aqueous or nonaqueous
true
ex: nonaqueous could be oleaginous (oil based)
can nonaqueous solvents be injected?
yes, but only IM and SUBQ
is purified water pyrogen free? is it sterile?
no to both
is water for injection pyrogen free? is it sterile?
yes it’s pyrogen free, but not sterile
is sterile water for injection pyrogen free? is it sterile?
pyrogen free and sterile
does sterile water for injection contain preservatives? what can you conclude from this?
does NOT contain preservatives, therefore it is only single dose
is sterile water for irrigation pyrogen free? is it sterile? does it contain preservatives? can it be injected?
pyrogen free and sterile
does not contain preservatives and cannot be injected
is bacteriostatic water for injection pyrogen free? is it sterile? multi dose or single?
pyrogen free and sterile
contains preservatives, therefore it is multidose
can purified water be used in oral and topical preparations?
yes
true or false
to be injected, water does not need to be pyrogen free
false - it does
is sterile water for irrigation a solvent?
NO
what is a potential purpose of using a nonaqueous solution
a longer duration of action
why is a stiffening agent used?
to increase the thickness or hardness of a pharmaceutical preparation, USUALLY AN OINTMENT
how many carbons is “cetyl”
16
give 7 examples of stiffening agents
cetyl alcohol
cetyl esters wax
microcrystalline wax
paraffin
stearyl alcohol
white wax
yellow wax
stearyl has how many carbons
18
why is a suppository base used?
vehicle for drugs in the preparation of suppositories
Needs to be hard enough so we can insert the suppository
give 3 examples of suppository bases
cocoa butter - natural
polyethylene glycols (mixtures)
PEG 3350
explain how PEG mixtures are used in suppository bases
mixing high MW PEG and low MW PEG to get a useful hardness
true or false
a lot of surfactants can also be termed emulsifying agents
true
give the lengthened name of “surfactant”
surface active agent
define a surfactant
substance which absorbs to surfaces or interfaces to REDUCE SURFACE OR INTERFACIAL TENSION
Surfactants may be used as _____, _____, or _______
wetting agents, detergents, or emulsifying agents
give 6 examples of surfactants
benzalkonium chloride (also an antimicrobial preservative!)
nonoxynol 10
octoxynol 9
polysorbate 80
sodium lauryl sulfate
sorbitan monopalmitate
how can you tell if benzalkonium chloride is being used as a preservative or a surfactant?
if a preservative, it will be used in a very small quantity
of the 6 surfactants mentioned, which is used as a contraceptive?
octoxynol 9. inhibits the motility of sperm
define a suspending agent
a viscosity increasing agent used to REDUCE THE SEDIMENTATION OF DRUG PARTICLES dispersed throughout a vehicle in which they are INSOLUBLE
suspensions may be formulated for use in what 4 dosage forms?
orally
parenteral (only subq and im)
ophthalmic
topically
(others)
give 11 examples of suspending agents.
which 3 are natural? for which route are they preferred?
3 natural and preferred for oral route:
-kaolin
-tragacanth
-veegum
other:
agar
bentonite
carbomer (Carbopol)
CMC (carboxymethylcellulose sodium)
HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose)
HPC (hydroxypropyl cellulose)
HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose)
MC (methylcellulose)
what is carbopol?
aka carbomer. a suspending agent
true or false
bentonite, kaolin, and tragacanth are all natural suspending agents
FALSE
kaolin
tragacanth
veegum
sweetening agents are used to….
impart sweetness to a preapration
give 7 examples of sweetening agents
aspartame
dextrose
glycerin
mannitol
saccharin sodium
sorbitol
suucrose
of the 7 sweetening agents mentioned, which has a cooling effect?
which can be used as a diluent in the tablet dosage form?
mannitol for both
true or false
chewable tablets need sweetener
true
what are tablet antiadherents?
agents which prevent sticking of the tablet formulation ingredients to punches and dies in the tablet machine (during production)
give 2 examples of tablet antiadherents
magnesium stearate and talc
what are tablet binders?
they cause adhesion of the powder (excipients+API) in tablet granulations
if you squeeze a tablet and it crumbles easily, that means there is not enough….
BINDER
_____ excipients are needed to prevent damage of tablets while being shipped
tablet binders
what are tablet and capsule diluents?
substances that are used as FILLERS to create the desired bulk, flow, and compression characteristics in the preparation of tablets and capsules
what is the most popular tablet/capsule diluent
Ditab (dibasic calcium phosphate)
______ and ditab are not compatible. a complex will be formed
tetracycline tablets and ditab
name 3 major functions of tablet coating agents
- Stability. protects against drug decomposition by atmospheric oxygen or humidity
- Provides a desired release pattern
- Mask the taste or odor, or for aesthetic purposes
name the types of tablet coating agents
sugar coating
film coating
enteric coating
__________coatings may be used to coat tablets and beads to slow the release of the drug as it passes through the GI tract
WATER INSOLUBLE
Give an example of a water insoluble tablet coating agent
ethylcellulose
Sugar coating is _______ based and results in…..
sugar coating is WATER BASED and results in a THICKENED COVERING around a formed tablet
Do sugar coated tablets dissolve in the stomach?
yes, they generally start to break up in the stomach
give 2 examples of sugar coating
liquid glucose
sucrose
will film coating dissolve in the stomach?
YES, unless it is enteric coated
define a film coating
a thin cover around a formed tablet or bead
give 5 examples of film coating
hydroxyethyl cellulose
hydroxypropyl cellulose
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
methylcellulose (methocel)
ethylcellulose (ethocel)
true or false
for film coating, it dissolves regardless of pH.
for enteric coating, it only dissolves in high pH
true
define enteric coating
will pass the stomach and break up in the intestines
give 2 examples of enteric coating
cellulose acetate phthalate
Shellac: (35% in alcohol, pharmaceutical glaze)
which has a longer duration of action:
-40% of the tablet dissolves and 60% remains on the surface
-20% of the tablet dissolves and 80% remains on the surface
80% remains on the surface has a longer duration of action because that 80% will continually slowly release and provide longer therapeutic effect
this is called a CONVENTIONAL CONTROLLED RELEASE DOSAGE FORM and is done using coating.
what is the downside of sugar coating?
what is the solution?
it takes around 7 days to do this in the industry.
a solution is to do a POLYMER COATING instead. still solves the stability and taste issues but doesnt take as long
