Part-2 organic chem Flashcards
organic
carbon sp3
tetrahedral
109.5
4 singles
carbon sp2
trigonal planar
120
1 double and 2 single
carbon sp
linear
180
1 triple and 1 single bond or 2 double bond
oxygen sp3
tetrahedral - electron
bent - molecular
oxygen sp2
trigonal planar - electron
linear- molecular
nitrogen sp3
tetrahedral- electron
pyrimidal- molecular
nitrogen sp2
trigonal planar- electron
bent- molecular
nitrogen sp
linear- electron
linear - molecular
more symmetrical, less polar will? bp
lowering boiling point
melting point
may or may not follow this general rule, as a more symmetrical molecule typically packs better, requiring more energy (higher melting point) to melt the solid
bond length
length character the shorter the bond,
alkane formula
C(n)H(2n+2)
bp in hydrocarbons vs. electronegative
hydrocarbons, bp increase with more number of carbon
(molecular weight or molar mass)
electronegative atoms, increase bp when compared to a molecule of similar weight with a less polar group or if hydrogen bonding is possible
organic compounds tend to be
combustible
base
acid
nucleophile
electrophile
base- proton acceptor
acid- proton donor
nucleophile- electron donor with the formation of a bond lewis base
electrophile- electron acceptor lewis acid
strong acids because
cb is
1) charge
2) size, electronegativity
3) resonance
4) inductive
iso propopylnol
isopropylcyclopentane
three carbons coming off of the carbons
isobutane
ch3 off of the second carbon Ch3(ch3) coming off of chch3
total carbon 4 even with the coming off one
isopentane
ch3 (ch3)coming off of the chch2ch3
total carbon 5 even with the coming off one
neopentane
ch3( ch3)2 coming off from both sides of cch3
total carbon 5 even with the coming off ones
alkane
alkene
alkyne
alkane= c-c alkeyne= c=c alkyne= c (triple bond) c
nitrile
R-c (triple bond) n
alcohol
R-OH
amines 1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
R-NH2
R-NH-R
R-N-R n with three r coming off of it
l
Rether
R-O-R
imine
R
l
R-C= N- R
carbon with two R groups and a double bonded nitrogen (the nitrogen has one R group)
aldehyde
R-CHO
carbon with a double bonded O a single bonded R group and a Hydrogen coming off of it.
ketone
R-CO-R
carbon with two R groups singled bonded and a double bonded oxygen
carboxylic acid
R-COOH
R- CO2H
carbon with a single bonded R group, double bonded Oxygen and a OH single bonded
ester
R-CO2-R
carbon with a singled bonded R group, a double bonded O and a singed bonded O which has a single bonded R group coming off of it
amides
1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
R-CO-NH2 two hydrogen
R-CO-NH-R one hydrogen
R-CO-N- (two R groups) 0 hydrogen
carbon is doubled bonded to Oxygen
N-C
N=C
N(triple bonded to)C
amine
imine
nitrile
systematic naming functional group naming ene yne ol al one oic acid nitrile
ene- double bond yne- triple bond ol- alcohol al- aldehyde one- ketone oic acid- carboxylic acid nitrile- nitrile
if substituents oh och3 och2ch3 nh2 CHO
if substituents hydroxy methoxy ethoxy amino formyl
naming alcohols
name ends in alcohol (separate)
name begins with the name of the alkyl group that is attached to the OH
naming ketones, ethers, amines
- name the alkyl substitute attached to the C=O, O (ether), N (amine)
- use di-, tri- if alkyl substituents are the same
common name
aldehyde, carboxylic acid, and carboxylic acid derivatives
prefixes
1c- form 2c- aceti 3- propion 4- butyr example C=O formaldehyde
1c-
1c- form
2c-
2c- aceti
3c
3- propion
4c-
4- butyr
how would you synthesize pentanol from pentene?
hydration
Acid-Catalyzed hydrolysis of an epoxides yields an?
trans-diol
the anti-markovnikov hydration of a terminal alkyne produces what functional group?
aldehyde
ochem
oxidation and reduction
oxidation = loss of h2 and gain of O, O2, X2 reduction = gain fo h2, loss of O, O2, X2
what is the intermediate formed in the oxidation of 1-butanol to butanoic acid
butanal
the combustion of gasoline is an example of what type of reaction?
oxidation-reduction
thiol
HS-R
condensation of carboxylic acid and thiol
thioester and water
condensation of carboxylic acid and an amine
amide and water
can all carboxylic acid derivatives be hydrolyzed back to the carboxylic acid?
Yes, under acid, aqueous conditions
reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives
acid chloride> anhydride>ester>amide>carboxyate
convert carboxylic acid to less reactive form
use ester and amides
esterification
saponification (basic hydrolysis)
hydrolysis of an ester yields the salt of the carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
