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Dr. Collins Pcat Chem > Anatomy And Physio > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physio Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells performing a common function. The study of tissue is histology

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2
Q

Epithelial

A

Functions as a covering of either the inside or out of the body

Example- skin or the lining of the respiratory tract

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3
Q

Three types of epithelial tissue

A

Cuboidal - square
Columnar -long rectangles
Squamous- fish scale

This can be simple or stratified
Simple- single layer
Stratified- multiple

Example- skin is stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Main function of nerves and muscle

A

Nervous- carries out transmission

Muscle- carries our movement

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5
Q

Connective tissue

A

Has various function- depending on tissue type

Loose connective 
Dense connective
Adipose connective (mostly fat, white) 
Cartilage 
Bone
Blood

Fiber is the general characteristic of connective tissue

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6
Q

Function of the skeletal system

A

Protection
Movement
Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
Production of blood (red and white bone marrow)

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7
Q

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

A

Osteoblast- creating new

Osteoclast- breakfast down

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8
Q

Skeletal structure

A

Axial- skull, vertebral column, and ribcage and sternum

Appendicular skeletal- arms and legs

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9
Q

Tendon

Ligaments

A

Tendon- muscle to bone

Ligament- bone to bone

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10
Q

Muscle function

A

Movement
Antagonist and synergistic

Process of contraction required calcium and during fatigue lactic acid builds up in the muscle

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11
Q

Muscle structure

A

Muscles are made Bundles of muscle fiber
Muscle cells are made of bundles of myofibrils
Myofibrils are made up of sarcomeres which are made up of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) which helps develop the sliding filament model

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12
Q

Types of muscle

A

Smooth lining of the blood vessels, the iris, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and lungs

Striated includes skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

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13
Q

Nervous system function

A

1) sensory (afferent)- sending and processing info from-hearing, seeing, touch, etc.
2) motor (efferent)- sending signals to muscles to make them move

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14
Q

Signal transmission

A

The synapse- singles transmission occurs- between two neurons or neuron to a muscle (neuromuscular junction)

Neurotransmitter- chemical which are stored in synapse and released into synaptic cleft and diffused across fo send a single to the next cell

Acetylcholine binds to the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane

Extra acetylcholine broken down by enzymatically or reabsorbed

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15
Q

Botulism

A

Toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles

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16
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Antibodies Block Acetylcholine receptors- muscle weakness

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17
Q

Events for neuro response

A

Minimum stimulus required for activation is referred to a threshold stimulus

Resting potential -70 millivolts (K+ internal low Na+)
Positive charge action potential

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18
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Meninges

A

Surrounds the brain and spinal cord

Meningitis- infection/inflammation of the meninges

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20
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic- involuntary, heartbeat, digestion, breathing-usually involves smooth and cardiac muscles

   - sympathetic - usually accelerated 
   - parasympathetic - slows things down

Somatic-voluntary skeletal muscle

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21
Q

Certain reflexes

A

Certain movements involve sensory information which is not processed by the brain. The reason is speed- reflexes are faster because a signal does not have to be sent up to and then return from the brain. Instead are processed by the spinal cord

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22
Q

The brain

  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
A

Cerebrum- processing sensory info and memory
Cerebellum- receives information and from muscle and sensory receptors, controls balance and coordinated movement
Brain stem- controls many autonomic functions such as breathing and heart beat

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23
Q

Receptors in the skin

A

Cutaneous receptors in the dermis just below the epidermis detect sensation such as pressure, heat, and cold

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24
Q

Cornea

A

Cornea- front of the eye.

The chamber between cornea and iris is the fluid-filled anterior chamber

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25
Q

Iris

A

Amount of light that passes through the pupil to the lens is controlled by the smooth muscle of the iris

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26
Q

Lens

A

The flexible lens is suspended behind the iris by ligaments

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27
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light is detected by the photoreceptors Rods (light sensitivity) and cones (color vision) in the retina on the posterior surface of the eye

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28
Q

Optic nerve

A

Signal is sent through the brain using the optic nerve

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29
Q

Ear three major regions

A

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

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30
Q

Outer ear

A

Collecting sound and sending it to the eardrum through the auditory canal

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31
Q

Middle ear

A

Separated from the outer ear by the tympanic membrane

Vibration picked up by the tympanic membrane get passed through a series of small bones
(Incus , malleus, and stapes)

Middle ear is connected to the pharynx by the Eustachian tube or auditory tube-function to equalize pressure and drain the middle ear

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32
Q

Ottis media

A

Bacteria from pharynx travel up the Eustachian tube to the middle and trigger inflammation and a painful buildup of fluid pressing on the tympanic membrane

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33
Q

Inner ear

A

Made up of cochlea and three semicircular canals

The cochlea processes sound and sends information down the auditory nerve.

Semicircular canals function is balance sometimes referred to as dynamic equilibrium.

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34
Q

blood function

A

transporting wastes, nutrients, hormones, and oxygen

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35
Q

components

A

fluid and cells

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36
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion-contains water, proteins, and electrolytes.

it also contains buffers to maintain ph at 7.4

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37
Q

erythrocytes

A

a. k.a. red blood cells (RBCs)- most numerous cells in blood, carry oxygen via the transport [rotein hemoglobin,
- produced by bone marrow and lack nucleus
- lifespans of roughly 100 days, RBCs are removed by macrophages mainly in the liver and spleen

38
Q

leukocytes

A

a.k.a white blood cells (WBCs)- most function in the immune system to protect the body against diseases- some (thrombocytes/platelets) are involved in blood clotting.

39
Q

blood circulation

A

heart-artery-arteriole-capilllary-vanule-vein-black to heart

40
Q

heart

A

made up of cardiac muscle and 4 chambers

  • 2 artria- which receive blood
  • 2 ventricles that pump blood

valves sperate the chambers

electrical signals from the heart’s pacemaker, the sinoatrial node, control the sequence of events in the heartbeat

41
Q

arteries

A
  • largest blood vessels carrying blood away from heart
  • smooth muscle and elastic tissue lining
  • arterioles are narrower
  • thinest and most numerous are capillaries
  • blood returns to the heart in venules and then veins, the largest of which is vena cava
    - veins may have valves
    - pressure is lower in veins than arteries
42
Q

pulmonary circulation (PC)

A

takes blood from heart to the lungs and back

43
Q

PC

oxygen poor

A

oxygen-poor blood goes from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

44
Q

PC

oxygen rich

A

oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary veins
it enters the left atrium and then goes to the left ventricle

45
Q

systemic circulation

A

oxygen poor blood returns from the body to the right atrium.
the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body (via aorta- largest vessel with the highest pressure)
returns through vena cava

46
Q

respiratory system function

A

bringing in O2 and ride of CO2

47
Q

respiratory system

upper tract

A

consists of nasal cavity, sinuses, middle ear, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

48
Q

respiratory system

lower tract

A

trachea
bronchi and bronchioles
avleoli
diapharghm

49
Q

trachea

A
  • windpipe
50
Q

bronchi and bronchioles

A

bronchi and bronchioles- the trachea branches into major branches- the bronchi- each bronchus leads into a lunge. in the lungs, the bronchi branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles

51
Q

alveoli

A

the air sacs at the end of the bronchioles-gas exchanges takes place here- they are wrapped in a large number of capillaries

52
Q

diaphragm

A

a sheet of muscle that marks the boundary between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. the diaphragm drops down and creates a vacuum in the thoracic cavity wihc sucks in air- negative pressure breathing

53
Q

gas exchange at the alveoli

A

fragile structures, one cell thick, gas exchange takes place by diffusion, CO2 diffuses out and O2 diffus in

54
Q

pneumonia

A

fluid accumulation in the alveoli interferes with gas exchange leading to lack of oxygen, coughing, and breathing difficultly.

55
Q

tuberculosis

A

inflammatory reaction to pockets of bacteria in the lung triggers damage

56
Q

endocrine system function

A

controls a wide range of bodily functions, metabolism, growth, reproduction, kidney function, temperature

57
Q

Hormones

A

two types of endocrine system messengers

  • steroidal - estorgen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone)
  • non-steroidal- all other hormones
58
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones that effect endocrine glands

59
Q

endocrine cells and glands

A

produce hormones that travel through bloodstream and target organs and have a specific effect on them.

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid 
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
60
Q

hypothalamus

A

above the brainstem- produce various hormones which stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland as well as regulating autonomic functions such as body temp

61
Q

pituitary gland

A

bellow hypothalamus-produce growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

menstrual cycle in women and sperm in men in the anterior lobe

oxytocin and ADH in the posterior lobe (oxytocin is involved in childbirth and vasopressin (ADH) raises blood pressure and makes the kidneys conserve water

62
Q

thyroid

A

produces T3 and Thyroxin (T4), which both require iodine for their synthesis- and control metabolism,

Parathyroid (parathyroid hormone) regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body.

63
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on top of the kidneys,
produce cortisol- increase metabolism and blood sugar, reduce immune function,
aldosterone- regulates kidney function and Na/K balance in the blood
epinephrine (aka adrenaline) and norepinephrine= fight or flight response to stress, increase heart rate and respiratory rate, and acetylcholine

64
Q

pancreas

A

produce insulin to trigger absorption of glucose

produce glucagon raise glucose levels in the bloodstream

65
Q

ovaries

A

estrogen-regulate menstrual cycle and reproduction
progesterone-plays a role in the menstrual cycle and key role in pregnancy
testes- testosterone- promotes tissue growth and regulates the reproductive system

66
Q

digestive system function

A

digesting food, metabolizing food, excretion of waste

67
Q

digestive enzymes

A

amylase- enzyme in saliva, breaks down starch
proteases - enzymes that break down protein-present in saliva and gastric secretions
lipases- break down in lipids

68
Q

digestive system

components

A 
mouth
salivary glands
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
doudenum
pancreas
gallbladder
small intestines
large intestines 
appendix
liver
69
Q

mouth

A

teeth start the mechanical breakdown fo the food

70
Q

salivary glands

A

saliva starts the digestive process- saliva acts as a lubricant, largest of the three salivary glands are the parotid glands are the parotid glands

71
Q

pharynx

A

the throat-food passes through here from the mouth to the esophagus

72
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube which leads to the stomach- food is moved down by coordinated muscular contractions-peristalsis

a valve (esophageal sphincter) separates it from the stomach 
an improper function of that sphincter can lead to gastro esophageal reflux disease
73
Q

stomach

A

has a muscular walled lined with mucus- contains gastric enzymes and acid (ph1) for breaking down food

74
Q

doudenum

A

first portion of the intestine after the stomach- separated from the stomach by the duodenal sphincter

75
Q

pancreas

A

in the area of the duodenum- produces insulin which is involved in glucose metabolism and also secretes digestive enzyme into the small intestine

76
Q

gallbladder

A

release bile into the duodenum-bile is responsible for breaking down/emulsifying fats

77
Q

small intestine

A

this is where the majority of digestion and nutrient absorption takes lace- the surface is covered with thousands of finger-like projections called villi- these increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients and

movement of material through the intestines is achieved by peristalsis

78
Q

large intestine

A

waste is produced here, water is absorbed-its removal makes the content more solid and produce feces or stool
final portion of the large intestine is the rectum

79
Q

Appendix

A

also known as the vermiform appendix, a small pouch of the colon it appears to serve as a refuge for beneficial bacteria

80
Q

Liver

A

has many functions

  • it is important for metabolism- involved in both the production and breakdown of proteins
  • production and break down glycogen, a storage form of glucose, which is involved in regulating sugar levels and availability
  • produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder
  • lipid metabolisms
  • the liver also breaks down toxins (role in drug metabolism)
81
Q

excretory system function

A

removes waste and retains materials the body needs such as water

82
Q

components of excretory system function

A 
kidney
nephron
glomerulus
renal tubule 
collecting ducts
ureters
bladder
cystitis
83
Q

kidney

A

major excretory organs- have massive amounts of blood, flowing through them all the time- remove waste from the blood stream as well as regulating blood pressure and electrolyte levels

84
Q

nephron

A

the basic functional unit of the kidney- the kidney is made of many nephrons- with the nephron is the renal corpuscle, which so made of the Bowman’s capsule surrounding the capillaries of the glomerulus

85
Q

Glomerulus

A

the site in the kidney where filteration occurs across the capillary walls

86
Q

renal tubule

A

collects filtrate/fluid from the glomerulus-the process involves active transport to eliminate the materials that are not wanted by the body while reabsorbing those are like glucose, Na+, and water

87
Q

collecting

A

carry filtrate from the tubules to the ureters

88
Q

ureters

A

tubes which transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

89
Q

bladder

A

site for storage of urine

90
Q

urethra

A

urine flows to the outside from the bladder by way of the urethra

91
Q

cystitis

A

bacterial infection of the bladder where the microbes typically normal flora, travel up the urethra to get to the bladder and then cause inflammation

Dr. Collins Pcat Chem (9 decks)

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