Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RER2.10_Female Repro_ZACHOW > Part 2: Menstruation > Flashcards

Part 2: Menstruation Flashcards

1
Q

Draw the menstrual cycle with all hormone levels:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When do the lowest gonadotropin (LH/FSH) levels occur during the menstrual cycle?

A

mid-follicular phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When do the highest gonadotropin (LH/FSH) levels occur during the menstrual cycle?

A

ovulation; with LH > FSH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which gonadotropin (LH/FSH) is higher during the preovulatory surge?

A

FSH > LH; both increase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which gonadotropin (LH/FSH) is higher during ovulation?

A

LH > FSH; both increase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes FSH levels to remain low throughout the follicular phase (2):

A
  1. E2 negative feedback.
  2. Inhibin B secreted from pre-ovulatory granulosa cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes FSH levels to increase during the preovulatory surge (2)?

A
  1. E2 positive feedback (switches).
  2. Activin secreted from pre-ovulatory granulosa cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Activin and inhibin; origin during the menstrual cycle and what they promote:

A
  • Origin: pre-ovulatory granulosa cells.
    • Activin: promotes FSH secretion.
    • Inhibin: inhibits FSH secretion.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

During the luteal phase, FSH levels decrease due to (2):

A
  1. Inhibin A secreted from granulosa-lutein cells.
  2. Elevated progesterone and E2.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Draw graph of FSH levels throughout the menstrual cycle and hormones inhibiting/promoting FSH expression:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

During the early-mid follicular phase, granulosa cells produce inhibin B. This causes (2):

A
  1. decreased FSH secretion.
  2. decreased FSH secretion leads to non-selected follicle atresia.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The FSH surge during the pre-ovulatory phase leads to (3):

A
  1. increased FSH-mediated E2 production in preovulatory granulosa cells.
  2. increased LH receptor expression in preovulatory granulosa cells.
  3. growth of young recruited follicles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What leads to the “luteinization” of preovulatory granulosa cells?

A
  • Preovulatory FSH surge leads to increased LH receptor expression in preovulatory granulosa cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Draw graph of LH levels throughout the menstrual cycle and hormones inhibiting/promoting LH expression:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hormone is responsible for ovulation?

A
  • LH.
  • LH causes pre-ovulatory follicle to extrude oocyte.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Progesterone levels are low throughout a majority of the follicular phase. What causes their increase right before ovulation?

A
  • granulosa cells becoming luteinized by increased FSH.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Draw graph of Progesterone (P4) levels throughout the menstrual cycle.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What hormone leads to an increase in basal body temperature by 0.5 degrees Fahrenheit during the luteal stage?

A
  • Progesterone.
  • Useful marker of ovulation.
19
Q

If the body temperature does not rise cyclically in a woman of reproductive age, what is this indicative of?

A
  • body is not making progesterone.
  • ovulation/corpus luteum formation is not occurring.
20
Q

Effect of sustained progestins on gonadotropins:

A
  • Binds hypothalamic progestin receptors; alters GnRH pulse firing pattern
    • inhibits LH > FSH secretion.
    • blocks ovulation.
21
Q

Sources of sustained progesterone and their effects (3):

A
  1. theca-lutein cells and granulosa-lutein cells.
  2. placenta.
  3. exogenous P4 contraceptives.

INHIBIT LH > FSH SECRETION;

BLOCKS OVULATION.

22
Q

Draw graph of estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle and source:

A
23
Q

The rise in estrogen during the pre-ovulatory follicular phase is attributable to:

A
  • E2 secretion from granulosa cells in preovulatory follicle + younger growing follicles.
24
Q

The sustained elevated levels of E2 during the luteal phase is attributable to:

A
  • corpus luteum granulosa-lutein cells.
    • only cells that contain CYP19; aromatase.
25
Q

Effect of sustained estrogens on gonadotropins:

A
  • binds hypothalamic ERα receptors; alters GnRH pulse frequency.
  • inhibits FSH > LH secretion.
26
Q

Sources of sustained estrogen and their effects (3):

A
  1. pre-ovulatory granulosa cells.
  2. corpus luteum granulosa-lutein and theca-lutein cells.
  3. estrogen-based oral contraceptives.

INHIBITS FSH > LH SECRETION.

27
Q

Effect of sustained androgens (testosterone) on gonadotropins:

A
  • converted to E2 via CYP19 (aromatase).
  • binds hypothalamic ERα receptors; alters GnRH pulse frequency.
  • inhibits FSH > LH secretion.
28
Q

Sources of androgens/testosterone and their effects:

A
  1. Theca cells (females).
  2. Leydig cells (males).
  3. Androgenic anabolic steroids.

INHIBITS FSH > LH SECRETION.

29
Q

Effect of prolactin on gonadotropin (LH/FSH) secretion:

A

inhibits LH/FSH secretion.

30
Q

What hormone is an inhibitor of prolactin secretion?

A
  • dopamine.
31
Q

The effects of E2 and progesterone on gonadotropin secretion during the menstrual cycle at:

  1. early/mid-follicuar phase:
  2. preovulatory phase:
  3. ovulation:
  4. luteal phase:
A
  1. early/mid-follicuar phase: (-) E2 feedback.
  2. preovulatory phase: (+) E2 positive feedback.
  3. ovulation: (+) E2 positive feedback.
  4. luteal phase: (-) E2 + P4 feedback.
32
Q

Follicular phase defects will disrupt (3):

A
  1. folliculogenesis.
  2. oocyte maturation.
  3. ovulation.
33
Q

Luteal phase defects will disrupt (3):

A
  1. implantation.
  2. pregnancy.
  3. feedback necessary for next menstrual cycle.
34
Q

The combination of what three factors disrupts GnRH pulsatility and decreases both FSH and LH during the luteal phase?

A

E2, P4, inhibin A

35
Q

What occurs to the oocyte after ovulation?

A
  • completes meiosis I; awaits fertilization.
36
Q

What occurs to the remnant of what was the selected preovulatory follicle following ovulation?

A
  • stimulated by LH to terminally differentiate into the corpus luteum.
37
Q

The rise of what hormone level indicates that ovulation has occurred?

A
  • progesterone; also 0.5 degree F body temperature rise.
38
Q

Following ovulation, corpus luteum granulosa-lutein cells and Theca-lutein cells begin secreting large amounts of progesterone and some estrogen.

Secretion is driven by which gonadotropin?

A

LH

39
Q

Effects of progesterone and E2 on the endometrium during the luteal phase:

A
  • proliferative and angiogenic effects.
  • prepares for implantation.
40
Q

Effects of progesterone on the myometrium:

A
  • prevents myometrium contraction.
41
Q

During the pre-ovulatory proliferative/follicular phase, rising E2 causes what changes to the endometrium (3)?

A
  1. increase in ERα and P4-R expression.
  2. increase in growth factors.
  3. proliferation and angiogenesis.
42
Q

Effect of high progesterone levels on the endometrium during the secretory/luteal phase:

A
  • negative feedback on ERα and P4-R expression.
  • prepares endometrium for menstruation and endometrial shedding.
43
Q

Menstruation/endometrial shedding results from:

A
  • drop in progesterone and E2 levels.
    • occurs during late luteal phase.

RER2.10_Female Repro_ZACHOW (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions