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RER2.10_Female Repro_ZACHOW > Part 1: Folliculogenesis > Flashcards

Part 1: Folliculogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

The three parts of a 28-day menstrual cycle:

A
  1. follicular/proliferative phase (day 1-14).
  2. ovulation (day 14).
  3. luteal/secretory phase (day 15-28).
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2
Q

When do menses occur during a 28-day menstrual cycle?

A
  • at the end of one cycle and the first few days of the next cycle.
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3
Q

In addition to one oocyte, each preovulatory follicle contains two cell populations:

A

theca cells and granulosa cells.

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4
Q

Follicular fluid location and contents:

A
  • Location: antrum of preovulatory follicles.
  • Contents: hormones and growth factors.
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5
Q

Steroids produced by Granulosa cells (3):

A
  1. estrone
  2. estradiol
  3. progesterone
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6
Q

Steroids produced by Theca cells (3):

A
  1. progesterone
  2. androstenedione
  3. testosterone
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7
Q

Hormone released with:

(1) slow GnRH pulse frequency:
(2) rapid GnRH pulse frequency:

A
  • Slow: FSH secretion.
  • Rapid: LH secretion.
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8
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis:

A
  1. GnRH released in pulses from hypothalamus.
  2. LH and FSH released in pulses from anterior pituitary.
  3. FSH stimulates granulosa cells and granulosa-lutein cells.
  4. LH stimulates theca cells and granulosa-lutein cells.
  5. Negative and positive feedback on GnRH by follicular steroids.
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9
Q

The ovaries produce what steroids via Theca and granulosa cells?

A
  1. androstenedione and testosterone.
  2. estrone and estradiol-17-beta.
  3. pregnenolone and progesterone.
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10
Q

Steroid sulfatase function:

A
  • removes sulfate group of DHEAS.
  • “S” of DHEA is a sulfate group that acts as a binding protein to DHEA and prolongs DHEA’s half-life.
  • removing sulfate group from DHEAS makes DHEA available for ovarian use.
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11
Q

The three cytochrome p450s required for ovarian steroid synthesis:

A
  1. CYP11A (20,22-desmolase).
  2. CYP17 (cholesterol to pregnenolone).
  3. CYP19 (aromatase).
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12
Q

Function of CYP11A and ovarian cells located in:

A
  • Converts cholesterol into pregnenolone.
  • Theca cells and granulosa cells.
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13
Q

Function of CYP17 and ovarian cells located in:

A
  • Produces androgens.
    • Converts progesterone into androstenedione.
    • Converts pregnenolone into DHEA.
  • Theca cells only.
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14
Q

Function of CYP19 (aromatase) and ovarian cells located in:

A
  • Produces estrogens.
    • Converts androstenedione into estrone.
    • Converts testosterone into E2.
  • Granulosa cells only.
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15
Q

The anatomical sequence of follicular growth is (6):

A
  1. primordial.
  2. primary.
  3. secondary (preantral).
  4. tertiary (antral).
  5. preovulatory (dominant or Graafian).
  6. corpus luteum.
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16
Q

At what state in follicular growth do theca cells and granulosa cells begin to secrete steroids?

A

secondary (preantral)

17
Q

Theca cell and granulosa cell secretions during the secondary (preantral) stage of follicular growth:

A
  • Theca: Andro > T > P4 (low levels).
  • Granulosa: E2 > P4 (low levels).
18
Q

Theca-lutein cell and granulosa-lutein cell secretions during the corpus luteum stage of follicular growth:

A
  • Theca: P4 only (high levels).
  • Granulosa: E2 = P4 (high levels).
19
Q

Draw the general pattern of Theca cell and granulosa cell secretions during the stages of follicular growth:

A
20
Q

What serves as the precursors to estrogens produced by the Granulosa cells / Granulosa-lutein cells?

A
  • Theca cell produced androstenedione and testosterone.
21
Q

What signal transduction cascade is activated upon gonadotropin binding to receptors on theca cells or granulosa cells?

A

cAMP/PKA

22
Q

Receptors expressed by both preovulatory theca cells and theca-lutein cells:

A

LH only.

23
Q

Receptors expressed by both preovulatory granulosa cells and granulosa-lutein cells:

A
  • Preovulatory: FSH only.
  • Granulosa-lutein: LH and FSH.
24
Q

What occurs when LH binds to preovulatory Theca cells?

A
  • androgens produced and secreted.
  • androstenedione >> testosterone.
25
Q

What occurs when FSH binds to preovulatory granulosa cells?

A
  • estrogens produced via aromatization of Theca cell-produced androgens.
  • E2 (estradiol-17β) >> E1 (estrone).
26
Q

What occurs when LH binds to Theca-lutein cells?

A

progesterone production >>> androgen production

27
Q

What occurs when LH binds to granulosa-lutein cells?

A

progesterone production >>> E2 and E1 production

28
Q

Steps in androstenedione to E2 (estradiol-17β) conversion:

A
  • 2-step conversion via CYP19 (aromatase) and 17-beta-HSD1.
29
Q

Steps in testosterone to E2 (estradiol-17β) conversion:

A
  • single step conversion via CYP19 (aromatase).
30
Q

Follicular steroidogenesis summary (steps):

A
  1. LH/FSH binds to respective receptor.
  2. cAMP-PKA signaling pathway cell triggered.
  3. steroid biosynthetic enzymes and cholesterol mobilization upregulated.
  4. CYP11A cleaves pregnenolone into cholesterol to stimulate steroidogenesis.
31
Q

The three stages of folliculogenesis:

A
  1. recruitment of multiple primordial follicles.
  2. selection of a single follicle to become a dominant follicle. Other follicles undergo atresia.
  3. ovulation.
32
Q

The entire process of follicular growth occurs over a period of:

A

approximately 3-4 menstrual cycles.

33
Q

Recruitment is the differentiation of primordial follicles into:

A

primary and then secondary follicles.

34
Q

The differentiation of primordial follicles into primary follicles is driven by what factors/hormones?

A
  • Intraovarian growth factors (GDF-9).

GONADOTROPIN-INDEPENDENT.

35
Q

The growth and development of primary follicles to fertilizable ovulated oocytes is dependent on:

A
  1. LH/FSH
  2. steroid hormones
  3. growth factors
  4. cytokines

RER2.10_Female Repro_ZACHOW (7 decks)

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