part 2 care of elderly

Question 1

aging attempt to explain
why the physical changes of aging occur

Answer 1

Biologic theories

Question 2

The Theories Of Aging

Answer 2

1. Biologic theories
2. Psychosocial theories
3. Developmental theories

Question 3

Theories Under Biologic Theories

Answer 3

1. The programmed theory/ Biological
   clock theory
2. The run out of program theory
3. Gene theory
4. Molecular theory
5. Cellular theories

Question 4

• In this theory everyone has a genetic program specifying
  an unknown but predetermined number of cell divisions.
• As the program plays out, the person experiences
  predictable changes such as atrophy of the thymus,
  menopause, skin changes and graying of the hair

Answer 4

The programmed theory/ Biological
clock theory

Question 5

Every person has a limited amount of genetic material that
will run out over time.
* All events are specifically programmed into genome and are
sequentially activated.
* After maturation genes have been activated there are no
more programs to be played
and as cells age there may be chance of inactivation of genes
that cannot be turned on.

Answer 5

The Run Out Of Program Theory

Question 6

the existence of one or more
harmful genes that activate overtime, resulting in the
typical changes seen with aging and limiting the life
span of the individual
* Organism failure occurs in later life because of the
presence of imperfect genes activated over lengthy
periods of time.

Answer 6

The Gene Theory

Question 7

The aging is controlled by genetic
materials that are encoded to
predetermine both growth and
decline

Answer 7

Molecular theory

Question 8

a result of internal or
external assaults that damage cells or organs
so they can no longer function properly

Answer 8

The Error Theory

Question 9

proposes that
aging result from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
damage caused by exposure to chemicals or
radiation and this damage causes
chromosomal abnormalities that lead to
disease or loss of function later in life.

Answer 9

The Somatic Mutation Theory

Question 10

propose that aging isa process that occurs because of celldamage.
· When enough cells are damaged, overallfunctioning of the body is decreased

Answer 10

Cellular theories

Question 11

suggest that chemicals produced by metabolism
accumulate in normal cells and cause damage
to body organs such as the muscles, heart,
nerves and brain

Answer 11

Clinker Theory

Question 12

• Body is like a machine, which loses function when its
  parts wear out.
• As people age, their cells, tissues, and organs are
  damaged by internal or external stressors

Answer 12

The Wear And Tear Theory

Question 13

This system is a complicated network of
biochemicals that govern the release of hormones
which are altered by hypothalamus.

Answer 13

THE NEUROENDOCRINE THEORY

Question 14

Author of THE NEUROENDOCRINE THEORY

Answer 14

Prof Vladimir Dilman and Ward Dean

Question 15

proposes that aging is a function of
changes in the immune
System

Answer 15

IMMUNOLOGIC THEORY

Question 16

The power producing organelles.
* Their primary job is to create Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP) and they do so in the various
energy cycles that involve nutrients such as AcetylL-Carnitine, CoQ10 (Idebenone), NADH and some
B vitamins etc.
* Enhancement and protection of the mitochondria
is an essential part of preventing and
slowing aging

Answer 16

THE MITOCHONDRIAL DECLINE THEORY

Question 17

the age-related changes of the cells ability to
transfer chemicals, heat and electrical
processes that impair it

Answer 17

THE MEMBRANE THEORY OF AGING

Question 18

aging attempt to explain
changes in behavior, roles and relationship that
occur as individual age.
* This attempt to predict and explain the social
interactions and roles that contribute to
successful adjustment to old age in older adults

Answer 18

PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES

Question 19

ry was developed to explain
why aging process separate from
the mainstream of society.

Answer 19

The Disengagement Theory

Question 20

states that aging people
withdraw from customary roles and engage in more
introspective, self-focused activities.

Answer 20

Cummings and Henry(1961)

Question 21

necessary for successful aging.*
Active participation in physical and mental activities helps maintain
functioning well into
old age

Answer 21

The Activity Theory

Question 22

The continuation of activities performed during middle age is necessary
for successful
aging

Answer 22

(Lemon, Bengston and Peterson, 1972).

Question 23

analyses of the Kansas City Studies of
Adult Life

Answer 23

Based on Robert Havighurst’s e (1963,
1968)

Question 24

state that
personality remains the same and the
behaviors become more predictable as people ages.

Answer 24

The continuity theory (Neugarten, 1964)

Question 25

3 general categories of continuity

Answer 25

(Atchley,
1989):
1. “Too little” : unpredictable
2. “Optimum” : pace of change is consistent with
personal preferences &
a. social demands …in line with capacity to cope
with change
3. “Too much” : too predictable

Question 26

older adults from a
unique subculture within society to defend
against society’s negative attitude toward aging
and the accompanying loss of status.

Answer 26

The Subculture Theory Rose (1965)

Question 27

These theories trace personality and
personal adjustment throughout a person’s life

Answer 27

DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

Question 28

Accepting one’s own life; and
4. Developing a point of view about death.

Answer 28

Margaret Newman’s Theory

Question 29

the development continues throughout life by a process of
searching, questioning, and setting goals that are consistent with the individual’s
personality

Answer 29

Jung’s Theory

Question 30

the process of integrating
different parts of the self to achieve a
balanced and whole personality.

Answer 30

Individuation:

Question 31

represents the unconscious
parts of the personality that the individual
may not fully recognize or accept

Answer 31

The Shadow:

Question 32

the totality of the psyche, including
both the conscious and unconscious
aspects. In later years, individuals strive
to achieve a sense of wholeness by
embracing all parts of their personality.

Answer 32

The Self

Question 33

This includes not only preventive and health-protective
measures but also actualization of
one ’ s health potential

Answer 33

HEALTH PROMOTION

Question 34

refers to those activities undertaken to prevent the
occurrence of a disease or adverse health condition, including mental
health. Health counseling and immunization are examples of primary
prevention.

Answer 34

• Primary prevention

Question 35

refers to those tasks directed toward detection
of a disease or adverse health condition in an asymptomatic individual
who has risk factors but no detectable disease

Answer 35

Secondary prevention

Question 36

refers to management of
existing conditions to prevent disability and
minimize complications, striving for optimal level of
function andquality of life.

Answer 36

Tertiary prevention

Question 37

PRIMARY PREVENTION

Answer 37

1. Counselling, lifestyle modification
2. Diet
3. Physical activity
4. Safety and injury prevention
5. Smoking cessation
6. Dental care