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soc mid term > part 2 > Flashcards

part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Globalization

A

is a process where people become increasingly aware

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2
Q

Trade routes

A

Commonly from china to ancient rome
Name after the material
Valuable community
Disease happened on the rout
Transmission of culture
Music, dance

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3
Q

The spread of Virus and Globalization

A

International investment promotes economic development in other countries, which introduces new forms of animal –> human contact, and new international relationships with people all over the world.

This means when viruses emerge, it is only a matter of days before they are spread globally.

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4
Q

Globalization and inequality

A

Globalization is about the rapid movement of capital, commodities, culture, and people across international borders, which comes with tremendous advantages for a lot of the world’s population.
However, anti-globalization activists are quick to point out that the tremendous inequity that exists between rich and poor nations is only increasing.
Globalized industries and technology are making the world a more unequal place. Some argue that globalization is a form of IMPERIALISM: the economic domination of one country by another.

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5
Q

The Global Commodity Chain:

A

a worldwide network of labour and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity.

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6
Q

As consumers, we don’t create the social relations
that exploit people so horrendously,

A

but we cannot
deny our role in the commodity chain.

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7
Q

Source of Globalization

A

Technology
Politics
Economics

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8
Q

These 3 primary sources work together - they are not separate entities - they work hand in hand in globalize the worlds

A

Capitalist competition

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9
Q

A Homogenized World

A

Globalization is making the whole world look like the United States.

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10
Q

Globalization is making the whole world look like the United States.
HOW?

A

Advanced industrial countries & organizations like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) impose their (American) guidelines on developing countries.
2. Spreading Western ideals globally.
Spreads one way of doing things
Domectricy, human rights are western ideals
3. The cultural spread of American icons, products, and programming

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11
Q

McDonaldization: George Ritzer

A

is a term coined by Ritzer to describe the homogenizing effects of globalization.

This is an expansion of Max Weber’s concept of RATIONALIZATION – the most efficient means to achieve an end.

McDonaldization has come to stand for the global spread of values associated with the US and its business culture.

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12
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Challenges the idea of total Homogenization and McDonaldization.

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13
Q

Symbolic Interactionists use the term GLOCALIZATION,

A

rather the Globalization. It refers to the simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life and the strengthening of some local differences under the impact of globalization.

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14
Q

The Secularization Thesis & The
Education System

A

The education system and institutions of higher learning in this
culture used to be run by religious authorities. Today, they are run
almost entirely by non-religious institutions.
* While this fact seems to support the secularization thesis, upon closer
inspection, the divide between religion and education is not so clear
cut.

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15
Q

NEOLIBERAL GLOBALIZATION

A

promotes private control of industry with minimal governmental interference in the running of the economy.

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16
Q

DEPENDENCY THEORY: A Conflict Theory Approach

A

This was a reaction to Modernization theory.

Conflict theorists see economic under development as the result of exploitive relations between rich and poor countries.

Colonizers prevented these nations from industrializing and therefore locking them into poverty.

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17
Q

Colonizers prevented these nations from industrializing and therefore locking them into poverty.
Eventually this form of domination was replaced with ….

A
  1. Substantial Foreign Investment
  2. Support for Authoritarian Governments
  3. Lending Money & Creating Crippling Debt
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18
Q

Examples of Anti - Globalization Movements

A
  1. The Democratic & Socialist Anti-Globalization Movement
    (The Battle in Seattle – 1999)
  2. The events of Sept. 11th 2001
  3. The Occupy Wall St. Movement – 2010-11
  4. The European & American Populist Movement – 2016 - Now
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19
Q

Role performance comes with both

A

CONSTRAINT and FREEDOM.

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20
Q

Role playing as

Role making as

A

Role playing (as constraint)

Role making (as freedom)

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21
Q

Social Interaction….

A

.is the process by which role performers act in relation to each other.

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22
Q

Social Interaction. .is about

A

COMMUNICATION ~ the sending and receiving of messages.

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23
Q

Messages

A

can be INSTRUMENTAL or EXPRESSIVE.

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24
Q

Feminist Theory and Emotion Labour

A

Emotion Management

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25
Q

Emotion Management

A

: following culturally transmitted ‘scripts’

that consist of information that individuals have learned about

how to respond to a particular situation.

Emotion Labour: is the emotion management that people do as part of their job and for which they are paid.

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26
Q

Conflict Theories of Social Interaction

A

According to Conflict Theory, competition for attention, approval,

prestige, information, money, and other resources are what

guide social interaction.

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27
Q

POWER

A

is the capacity to carry out one’s will despite resistance. People, when they interact, find that their statuses are arranged in a hierarchy.

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28
Q

Conflict Theory suggests that there are

3 Main Modes of Interaction

A

Domination

Cooperation

Competition

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29
Q

Symbolic Interaction and Social
Interaction

A

People interact with others based on learned norms, and by

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30
Q

Erving Goffman & the Dramaturgical

A

Model

He saw interaction like a play and borrowed much of his terminology from the theater.

Ie: Front stage and Backstage behavior

Like all symbolic interactionists, Goffman believed that the stability of social life depends on our adherence to norms, roles,and statuses.

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31
Q

Ethnomethodology

A

(an offshoot of Symbolic Interactionism)

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32
Q

Ethnomethodologists focus

A

on our understanding of the norms that PRECEED interaction.

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33
Q

Ethnomethodologists study how people make sense of what others do and say by adhering to pre-existing norms.

A

Life wouldn’t be possible without shared norms
Only way to establish norms if they disruptive

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34
Q

Howard Garfinkle

A

Breaching Experiments

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35
Q

STATUS CUES

A

visual indicators of a person’s social position.

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36
Q

STATUS CUES - On a non-verbal level,

A

they can help us define the situation and facilitate

social interaction. We interpret these things and apply their meaning to those

we interact with.

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37
Q

STATUS CUES They can also pose a social danger as they can quickly degenerate into

A

STEREOTYPES

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38
Q

STEREOTYPES

A

the rigid views of how members of various groups act,

regardless of whether individual group members really behave that way.
Example: black man who drive expensive cars get pulled over the most

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39
Q

Theoretical Summary of Social

A

refers to a compilation of ideas, frameworks, and concepts that help explain the structures, dynamics, and patterns of human societies and interactions. Social theory encompasses various perspectives that seek to understand how individuals and groups interact, how societies function, and the roles of institutions, culture, and power. Here are key theoretical concepts and approaches in social theory

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40
Q

Conflict

A

The competitive exchange of valued

resources structures social interaction

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41
Q

Feminist

A

Status differences between men and women structure social interaction

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42
Q

Symbolic Interactionist

A

Social interaction involves the interpretation, negotiation, and modification of norms, roles,& statuses
.

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43
Q

Why do you think sociologists study the human body?

A

Sociologists study human bodies to analyze them as social products entities that bear the imprint of society
Jewelry
Hair color
gym

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44
Q

The Body Project

A

Is an enterprise that involves people shaping their body to express their identity and meet cultural or subcultural expectations of beauty and health

People have always attempted to affect their body shape and appearance they usually do according to principles and standard laid by society

Gender, age (we get the norms how we should look)

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45
Q

There are 4 different types of activities that can characterize a body project

A

Camouflaging
Extending - extension of the natural body(eye glasses, hearing aids, wheelchair)
Adapting - eliminating and reducing physical parts of our body eliminate unfavorable responses from people (weight loss, mole removed, hair removal)
Redesigning - permanent reconstruction for self expression, self acceptance, to be more aesthetically pleasing (botox, fillers, plastic surgery)

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46
Q

Camouflaging

A

temporary or non invasive to hide or mask the body that seems undesirable ( body odor, face wash, dying hair)

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47
Q

Extending

A

-extension of the natural body(eye glasses, hearing aids, wheelchair

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48
Q

Adapting

A

eliminating and reducing physical parts of our body eliminate unfavorable responses from people (weight loss, mole removed, hair removal)

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49
Q

Redesigning

A

permanent reconstruction for self expression, self acceptance, to be more aesthetically pleasing (botox, fillers, plastic surgery)

50
Q

Cyborg

A

an entity that embodies elements both living and dead, human and machine, natural and unnatural

51
Q

Biohacking

A

a radical do it yourself approach to experimenting with the body for enhancement and augmentation

52
Q

The Relationship Between the Body and social status

A

The relationship has varied overtime, over different cultures, over different historical periods, and for various categories of people

These relationship varies largely because of the social value we put on things like height, weight, and perceived attractiveness

People don’t have to put much energy into getting food, things can be supersized, we eat a lot less nutritious food

There are a complex set of social factors that determine the average height of most populations

And a complex set of social consequences flow from differences in height

Ie: income and height

We can say the same things about weight: We do a lot of fat shaming in our culture

53
Q

Embodiment

A

Refers to the physical and mental experience of existence

The body is not just something we have it is something that we are

Ie: drone warfare and mental health consequence
Always embodies, experience ptsd more or as much as ground soldiers - because of high levels view

54
Q

Disease

A

Other disciplines study disease on an individual level. Sociologists widen the gaze beyond the individual and look at the social factors that have a profound but often but often unacknowledged influence on disease

Even when people think they are exercising free will in their behavior choices, part of what drives those decisions/choices come from their social context.

Health is often influenced by issues beyond individual control

55
Q

Socioeconomic inequalities and health

A

*There is a link between poverty and health.

*It is often referred to as the SOCIOECONOMIC GRADIENT IN HEALTH, which specifically refers to the existence of a positive correlation between socioeconomic position and health.

*Socioeconomic position plays a pivotal role in health outcomes, regardless of the type of healthcare system that exists in a given country.

56
Q

Indigenous Canadians and Health

A

Just as socioeconomic position affects health, so do race and ethnicity

*Indigenous Canadians are at higher risk of diabetes, they are diagnosed at a younger age, and have more complications from it

57
Q

*There are 3 primary reasons for this fact:

A

Economic deprivation
Discrimination
Historical factors

58
Q

The power of Medicine

A

Talcott Parsons, a functionalist from
the 1950’s, discussed THE SICK ROLE,
a sociological concept that contributes
to social order.
It gives doctors tremendous power in our culture
as experts while providing the individual a with
legitimized exception to role obligations.

59
Q

medicalization

A

*… refers to the process by which a condition or behavior becomes defined as a medical problem requiring a medical solution.

*Once a problem is defined (or re-defined) as a medical problem, then doctors have authority and become the only experts who are legitimately able to ‘fix’ it.

*This process serves to increase the power of medical doctors while reducing the power of other authorities (ie: judges, police, religious leaders, legislators, and so on)

60
Q

Challenges to medical Science

A

*In many ways, a lot has changed since the days of Talcott Parsons and the Sick Role….

*Today, we have more places to turn for medical advice than in the past and people are no longer solely reliant on medical doctors to meet their health needs.

*Alternative medicine and naturopathic medicine are growing in popularity for many reasons, one of which being they treat the whole person, not just the ailment.

61
Q

Disability

A

*Disability is a physical or mental characteristic that keeps some people from performing within the range of “normal human activity”. It is also a social relationship insofar as a physical or social barrier may restrict the opportunity of some people to participate in the life of a community on a level equal to others.

62
Q

*Within this definition, we actually have 2 definitions….

A

Sees disability as a characteristic of individuals
.Regards disability as a social relationship

63
Q

Regards disability as a social relationship

A

Looked as cured it corrected
People with disability as objects of characteristic
Indeed of Social protection, medical intervention
Able vs unable Socially constructed

64
Q

*rehabilitation

A

involves curing disabilities to the extent possible through medical and technological intervention; trying to improve the lives of people with disabilities by means of care, training, and education; and integrating people with disabilities into society.
*we have also had a very sinister time in history when we treated people with disabilities (or perceived disabilities) around the world by involuntarily sterilizing them…

65
Q

rehabilitation thinking

A

*This type of thinking was fueled by EUGENICS and was an attempt to rid the world of “defective people”
Curing
Integrating people with disabilities into society
Passing laws cant discriminate
Side walks
Specialized schools
Medical advancement
Problem able bodies making decisions and not consulting disabled
History - eliminating, segurating, sterilizing

66
Q

Ableism

A

is the prejudice and discrimination against people who have disabilities.

*Our human environment is structured largely around the norms and abilities of those without disabilities….

*Physical impairments BECOME disabilities when the human environment is constructed largely on the basis of ableist thinking…

67
Q

Challenging Ableism

A

*The country of the blind, by H. G. Wells.

*Deaf Culture – Dignity in Difference

68
Q

Aging

A

*Sociologists see aging as a complex process… that is different for different societies…in other words, the character of aging varies depending on time, place and history.

*Our culture’s obsession with youthfulness continues to fuel distaste and disregard for aging bodies that, in turn, promotes negative perceptions of older people.

*Being older is often considered a social stigma … and older people often experience AGEISM: which is the prejudice and discrimination against older people.

69
Q

*Before the 1970’s, analysis of collective action and social movements focused on discussions of strain, deprivation, and “contagion”. This is a Functionalist perspective called

A

BREAKDOWN THEORY.

70
Q

*After the 1970’s, analysis focused on resource mobilization, political opportunities, and social control. This is a Conflict perspective called

A

SOCIAL SOLIDARITY THEORY.

71
Q

Martin Luther King

A

Charismatic leadership
Years protesting, speeches, violences, marches

72
Q

The Civil Rights Movement resulted in

A

tremendous legal change and started the process of racial justice in the live of Black Americans by putting a formalized end to these laws.

73
Q

Jim Crow Laws were abolished,

A

Jim Crow ‘attitude and actions’ of policing did not end.

74
Q

law enforcement.

A

*The people who largely perpetuated racism and oppression
People who did stand up faced assault,death

75
Q

Facts

A

*A Black American is killed by cop every 28 hours in the United States.
*Black people make up approximately 13.6% of the US population.
*The historical roots of this stem from the fact that a police state was formed out of ‘slave patrols’ and used to maintain power over black people even when they were freed from slavery in 1865. And there has never been a corresponding and whole scale reform of policing to coincide with the Civil Rights Movement.

76
Q

COLLECTIVE ACTION

A

is when people act in unison to bring about or resist social, political, and/or economic change.

77
Q

ROUTINE COLLECTIVE ACTION

A

is collective action (⬆️) that follows well established patterns of behaviour and is non-violent.

78
Q

NON-ROUTINE COLLECTIVE ACTION

A

is collective action (⬆️) that ignores convention and may be violent (ie: mobs, riots).

79
Q

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS:

A

are institutionalized or bureaucratized forms of collective action aimed at changing or resisting change to the social, political, and/or economic order.

80
Q

Police beating of Rodney King in Los Angeles on March 3rd, 1991.

A

A year after Rodney was beaten, these 4 officers were acquitted on all charges.

81
Q

Breakdown Theory of *A Functionalist Perspective

A

This theory suggests that social movements emerge when traditional norms and patterns of social organization are disrupted.
*This theory would say that Non-Routine Collective Action, like the LA riots, resulted from at least one of three conditions.

82
Q

the 3 Breakdown Theory of *A Functionalist Perspective

A

*(1) A groups leaders and followers must be socially marginalized or poorly integrated into society.
*(2) Their norms must be strained or disrupted.
*(3) They lose their ability to act rationally because of the intrinsic madness of crowds.
Collective Action

83
Q

Functionalist thinking

A

Form of collective actions when dysfunctional occurs
Because the functionalist views want society to go smoothly

84
Q

There are also 3 factors that form the Breakdown Theory of Collective Action

A
  1. The discontent of Socially Marginalized People
  2. The Violation of Norms (Strain)
    (includes Relative Deprivation - definition on page 423)
  3. The inherent irrationality of crowd behaviour and the idea of “contagion”
85
Q

Contagion Theory:

A

is the process by which extreme passions supposedly spread rapidly through a crowd like a contagious disease

86
Q

faults with all 3 areas of Breakdown Theory

A

SOCIAL MARGINALITY
CONTAGION THEORY:
BREAKDOWN OF NORMS (STRAIN)

87
Q

SOCIAL MARGINALITY

A

New research suggests that in most cases of collective action, leaders and early joiners tend to be well integrated members of their communities.

88
Q

CONTAGION THEORY

A

Non-Routine Collective Action may be wild and violent, but it is usually socially structured.

89
Q

BREAKDOWN OF NORMS (STRAIN):

A

research now tells us that relative deprivation is not commonly associated with the frequency or intensity of outbursts of collective action.

90
Q

Non-Routine Collective Action

A

is actually a 2 sided phenomenon.

91
Q

Breakdown theory alerts

A

us to one side in that collective action is partly a reaction to the violation of norms that threaten to disorganize social life.

92
Q

Breakdown theory

A

a response to the way social life is organized for people. It is often not a short term reaction to disorganization, deprivation, and marginalization.

93
Q

*ROUTINE COLLECTIVE ACTION

A

is collective action that follows well established patterns of behaviour and is non-violent.

94
Q

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS:

A

are institutionalized or bureaucratized forms of collective action aimed at changing or resisting change to the social, political, and/or economic order.

95
Q

We cannot mistake presence for power

A

Mistaking presence for power mistake that something has been achieved

96
Q

Conflict’s Social Solidarity Theory

A

*Can help us to understand the Black Lives Matter Movement
*1. Resource Mobilization
*2. Political Opportunities
*3. Social Control

97
Q

Resource Mobilization

A

*Is a process by which social movements crystalize because of the increasing organizational and material, resources of movement members

98
Q

Political Opportunities

A

*Elections give people new opportunities to protest and send out their desire for change.

99
Q

Social control

A

*Refers to methods of ensuring conformity. In other words, the methods authorities use to contain collective action.
*What this research has determined is that violence, especially the most extreme forms of violence, are most often initiated by authorities, not movement participants.

100
Q

Sociologists will say that the content and strength of our religious
beliefs, as well as the form and frequency of our religious practices

A

are influenced by the structure of society and our place in it.

101
Q

What sociology does not and should not do is question any particular
religious belief or practice.

A

since these are matters of faith, not
science. They lie outside the prevue of sociology.

102
Q

As the scope of religious authority and guidance has declined, other
institutions have grown in importance.

A

For example: medicine, the
criminal justice system, and education.

103
Q

Durkheim’s Functionalist Approach
to Religion

A

Durkheim would say that
the Stanley Cup playoffs
generate a sense of …
COLLECTIVE
EFFERVESCENCE
In other words, they make
us feel a part of something
bigger than ourselves

104
Q

According to Durkheim….

A

When we share common thoughts and values with those we live with, they
form what is called a COLLECTIVE CONSCIENCE that is larger than any
individual

105
Q

DEFINED:

A

collective conscience comprises the common sentiments and
values that people share as a result of living together.

106
Q

When we experience the collective conscience directly,

A

we are able to
distinguish the transcendent world of the SACRED from the everyday world
of the PROFANE.

107
Q

TOTEMS

A

are symbols of the sacred
(ie: the Stanley Cup & team insignia

108
Q

The hockey games themselves ar

A

PUBLIC RITUALS

109
Q

As you may have guessed, these 2 paradigms have criticisms of
Durkheim’s Functionalist theory of religion

A

1) Durkheim’s theory exaggerates religions role in maintaining social
cohesion – Religion often provokes social conflict.
* 2) His theory ignores the fact that when religion does increase social
cohesion, it often reinforces social inequality

110
Q

Social Inequality in Religion can
emerge in 3 different ways

A

1) Subordination of Women
* 2) Class Inequality
* 3) Social Conflict

111
Q

What the 5 major world religions have in common is C

A

CHARISMATIC
LEADERSHIP.

112
Q

CHARISMATIC
LEADERSHIP.

A

Over time, charismatic leadership becomes ROUTINIZED. This is Max
Weber’s term for the transformation of divine enlightenment into a
permanent feature of everyday life.

113
Q

Social Inequality in Religion can
emerge in 3 different ways

A

1) Subordination of Women
* 2) Class Inequality
* 3) Religion and Social Conflict

114
Q

Religion and Social Conflict: example

A

In the 1950’s and 60’s, Black churches
spearheaded the civil right movement.
Their ministers formed the leadership
and their congregations protested

115
Q

Symbolic Interactionism & Religion.

A

The Protestant Ethic & the Spirit of
Capitalism (1904)
The last time we discussed this, it was in
reference to the rise of capitalism. Now, it is
used to emphasize that religious factors often
underlie social change

116
Q

The Secularization Thesis:
The decline of religion

A
117
Q

The Revised Secularization Theory

A

This revised version of the thesis holds that the importance of religion
is diminishing in some parts of the world while remaining stable or
declining in other parts.
* This thesis recognizes the nuance and variability of religion and
provides a much more accurate framework.

118
Q

The Market Theory

A

This view sees religion as a market, much like the economy.
* Religious organizations are suppliers of services such as counselling, pastoral care, youth
activities, social groups, lectures, discussions… etc.
* These services are demanded by people who want religious activities…. And in order to
meet the demand, religious organizations compete with one another, each offering their
own brand of religious experience.
* Success in the religious market depends on factors like the organizational structure of the
religious body, and the quality of its sales representatives, its products, and its marketing
techniques.

119
Q

Religious Tolerance/Intolerance

A

In China, almost 2 million
Uighurs, Kazakhas, and other
Turkic Muslims have
been detained in detention
centres for “re-education”

120
Q

Nigeria

A

The Islamic group Boko
Haram has killed or kidnapped
thousands of Christians. This
situation is especially dire for girls
as they are forced to convert to
Islam and then marry their captures.

soc mid term (5 decks)

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