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in class notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is The Enlightenment era is sometimes referred to as

A

Democratic Revolution (1750-1800).This Revolution was about the break away from believing that God shaped social order to believing that people are responsible for organizing society. About 20 years before the historically declared end to the Enlightenment era, came the Industrial Revolution (1780-1840) which changed society drastically.

Game changing to be alive
Many lost faith in their religion during this period

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2
Q

When is the historically declared end to the Enlightenment era, came the Industrial Revolution

A

(1780-1840) which changed society drastically.

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3
Q

The Industrial Revolution(1780-1840)

A

brought a host of social problems for social thinkers to chew on.

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4
Q

Who is considered the father of Sociology?

A

Auguste Comte

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5
Q

When was the term ‘sociology’ coined?

A

1838

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6
Q

Why did Auguste Comte coin the term ‘sociology’?

A

To place the study of society on scientific foundations

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7
Q

According to Comte, what is necessary to understand a science?

A

To know its history

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8
Q

Who was the originator of positivism?

A

Auguste Comte

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9
Q

What approach to the study of society relies on empirical scientific evidence?

A

Positivism

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10
Q

Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903)

A

He developed what is known as SOCIAL DARWINISM

The premise that survival of the fittest applied to people and that societies evolved from uncivilized to civilized

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11
Q

Three Historical Giants of Sociology
Emile Durkheim

A

(1858-1917) : Founding Father of Functionalism

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12
Q

Three Historical Giants of Sociology
Max Weber

A

(1864-1920) : Founding Father of Symbolic
Interactionism

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13
Q

Three Historical Giants of Sociology
Karl Mar

A

(1818-1883) : Founding Father of Conflict Theory

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14
Q

When is the Scientific Revolution

A

1550 - 1700

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15
Q

What is Revolution

A

The basis of this Revolution was the belief that thinkers should be using evidence rather than speculation to draw conclusions.This included conclusions about how society works.

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16
Q

Does birth of Scientific Mehod uses evidence to test theory

A

Yes

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17
Q

Before the Scientific Revolution, in the PreScientific Era, life was understood in supernatural terms and Paganism was the dominant belief system.

A

Myths
Story
Beliefs

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18
Q

When was Enlightenment of the 17th Century

A

1700-1800 (approximately)

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19
Q

The Scientific Revolution (1550-1700s)

A

suggested it was possible
to have a science of society (a revolution of ideas so the timeline is suggested).

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20
Q

The Democratic Revolution (1750-1800)

A

suggested people had the power to improve/change society (rather than God, which had traditionally been the case under a religious worldview).

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21
Q

A 100 year period when the rise of Science and Religion clashed, sometimes violently

A

Life was not easy
A lot of disease
Short life span

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22
Q

are explanations of some aspect of social life that
states how and why certain facts are related.
Makes humans feel like they understand or smarter

A

Theories

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23
Q

is the process of systematically observing reality to assess the validity of a theory
Let’s find evidence to helps

A

Research

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24
Q

ideas about what is good and bad, right and wrong
More important than you think

A

Values

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25
Q

MICRO Social Structures

A

are the patterns of close social relations formed during face to face interaction.
Subjective research focus more micro

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26
Q

What are MACRO Social Structures?

A

Overarching patterns of social relations outside and above a person’s intimates & acquaintances.

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27
Q

Give examples of MACRO Social Structures.

A

Social classes, education, economic system like capitalism, system of power like patriarchy.

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28
Q

GLOBAL Social Structures:

A

are patterns of social relations that lie outside of & above the national level.
These structures are pattern of socialization like travel relation between countries, global trans and how they interact with each other

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29
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

(France: 1858-1917)
Focus: Macro Social Structures

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30
Q

What is Emile Durkheim’s theory about society?

A

Society is not a mere sum of individuals. Rather, the system formed by their association represents a specific reality which has its own characteristics.

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31
Q

According to Emile Durkheim, how does a group differ from isolated individuals?

A

The group thinks, feels, and acts quite differently from the way in which its members would have been isolated.

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32
Q

How does Emile Durkheim suggest understanding group behavior?

A

If we begin with the individual, we shall be able to understand nothing of what takes place in the group.

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33
Q

Emile Durkheim Functionalism

A

Social structures are based mainly on shared values and that most social problems can be solved by re-establishing equilibrium.

We need things to be equal
When things are unequal something is off
Height in the 1930- 1960

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34
Q

Functionalism

A

original social science Functionalists believe that human behavior is governed by the relatively stable patterns of social structures that we all live in.

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35
Q

Who was Talcott Parsons?

A

The foremost North American proponent of Functionalism.

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36
Q

What was Talcott Parsons’ view on social institutions?

A

He believed they must work hard to ensure the smooth operation of society as a whole.

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37
Q

What criticism was Talcott Parsons subjected to?

A

Exaggerating the degree of common values among society members and the contribution of social institutions to social harmony.

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38
Q

What is the functionalist perspective on the importance of challenges in society?

A

According to Parsons, ‘We need all the bad and ugly to make the world go around.’

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39
Q

Who proposed the idea of manifest and latent functions in society?

A

Robert Merton

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40
Q

What term did Robert Merton use to describe consequences that create social instability?
What term did Robert Merton use to describe consequences that create social instability?

A

Dysfunctional consequences

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41
Q

What are the two types of functions that society’s structures can have?

A

Manifest and latent functions

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42
Q

Manifest functions

A

the clear, intended effects of social structures.
Black and white

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43
Q

LATENT functions

A

the unintended effects of social structures.
Gray area less obvious

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44
Q

Who developed the Theory of Suicide based on social forces?

A

Emile Durkheim

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45
Q

What principle does Durkheim’s Theory of Suicide represent?

A

Functionalist principles

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46
Q

How does social solidarity affect suicide rates according to Durkheim?

A

As social solidarity increases, suicide rates decline

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47
Q

What is the relationship between low social solidarity and suicide rates?

A

Low social solidarity leads to higher suicide rates

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48
Q

Max Weber

A

(Germany: 1864-1920)

Focus: Micro Social Structures

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49
Q

Who proposed the theory that scientific achievements become obsolete over time?

A

Max Weber

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50
Q

According to Max Weber, what is the fate of scientific work?

A

Scientific achievements will be surpassed and rendered obsolete.

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51
Q

What is Symbolic Interactionism?

A

Symbolic Interactionism was born, in part, out of a rejection for original social science. This paradigm focuses on MICRO social structures and emphasizes that explanations of social behavior require understanding of the subjective meanings people attach to their social circumstances.

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52
Q

What is the emphasis of Symbolic Interactionism?

A

Symbolic Interactionism emphasizes that people put their own meaning to things during their micro interactions. It aims to increase our understanding and promote tolerance towards people who are not like us.

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53
Q

Max Weber emphasized what

A

Weber emphasized the importance of empathetic understanding of people’s motives and the meanings they attach to things in order to gain a clear sense of the significance of their actions and behaviors.

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54
Q

VERSTEHEN

A

Weber called this approach to sociological research the method of VERSTEHEN, which is German for “understanding

His work was widely celebrated in the united states

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55
Q

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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56
Q

Who is largely credited with developing Symbolic Interactionism?

A

George Herbert Mead

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57
Q

What concept did Mead use to describe the process of learning who we are through social interaction?

A

Reflexivity

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58
Q

Which school of sociology is associated with George Herbert Mead?

A

The Chicago School of Sociology

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59
Q

Erving Goffman (1922-1982)

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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60
Q

Who is known for developing the Dramaturgical Model in sociology?

A

Erving Goffman

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61
Q

What theoretical perspective views social life as a performance?

A

Dramaturgical Model

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62
Q

What famous quote is associated with the idea that ‘all the world’s a stage’?

A

‘All the world’s a stage and all the men and women merely players’ - William Shakespeare

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63
Q

What is the role of subjective interpretation in determining suicide?

A

To determine if someone has died by suicide is often a matter of subjective interpretation.

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64
Q

Why is understanding the individual’s state of mind important in suicide cases?

A

Talking to friends, family, coworkers, neighbors, etc to try and determine the individual’s state of mind before their death is often necessary.

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65
Q

How does symbolic interactionism explain suicide?

A

Understanding the intention or motive of the actor is critical to understanding the meaning of a social action and explaining it.

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66
Q

Offshoots of Symbolic Interactionism

A

1) Social Constructionism

2) Queer Theory

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67
Q

Social Constructionism argues

A

Social Constructionism argues that apparently natural or innate features of life are often sustained by social processes that vary historically and culturally.

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68
Q

Social constructionists suggests

A

Social constructionists suggest that many of these assumed “natural”differences are actually due to the way power is distributed and the way we are taught to think (and ultimately share and disseminate) these apparent differences.

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69
Q

Social constructionists example

A

Ie: the differences between men and women in terms of their behavior

is often assumed to be “biological” rather than socially constructed.

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70
Q

What does Queer Theory deny?

A

The very existence of stable identities

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71
Q

How does Queer Theory view labels like male, female, gay, and lesbian?

A

As failing to capture the fluidity and variability of people’s actual identities and performances

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72
Q

What was Karl Marx’s nationality and birth years?

A

Germany: 1818-1883

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73
Q

What was Karl Marx’s focus?

A

Macro/Global Social Structures

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74
Q

According to Karl Marx, what will the rich do for the poor?

A

The rich will do anything for the poor but get off their backs.

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75
Q

According to Karl Marx, what is rotten in a social system?

A

There must be something rotten in the very core of a social system which increases its wealth without diminishing its misery.

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76
Q

What is Conflict Theory’s focus?

A

Conflict Theory generally focuses on macro and global level structures and how major patterns of inequality in society produce social stability in some circumstances and social change in others.

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77
Q

What does Conflict Theory emphasize?

A

This paradigm emphasizes how privileged groups maintain their power and advantage on the backs of subordinate groups via exploitation.

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78
Q

What is the central notion of Conflict Theory?

A

At the center of Conflict Theory is the notion of CLASS CONFLICT, which is the struggle between classes to resist and overcome the opposition of other classes.

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79
Q

How does Conflict Theory view class struggle?

A

Through the middle and lower class coming together to overthrow poor working conditions through unions.

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80
Q

Max Weber:

A

:“The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”

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81
Q

What is the Protestant ethic?

A

The Protestant ethic is the belief that religious doubts can be reduced, and a state of grace ensured, if people work diligently and live simply.

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82
Q

What unintended effect did the Protestant ethic have?

A

The Protestant ethic had the unintended effect of increasing savings and investment, thus stimulating capitalist growth.

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83
Q

Who wrote the book ‘The Power Elite’ in 1956?

A

C. Wright Mills

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84
Q

What theory did C. Wright Mills advocate for?

A

Conflict Theory

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85
Q

According to Mills, where is power concentrated in American society?

A

At the top command posts of the military, economy, and government

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86
Q

What did Mills believe about the concentration of power in the United States?

A

It was too centralized

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87
Q

How did Mills describe the people at the pinnacle of power?

A

Very interchangeable

88
Q

Who was Antonio Gramsci?

A

Italian Marxist philosopher (1891-1937)

89
Q

What does cultural hegemony refer to?

A

Control of a culture by the dominant group through ideas and values

90
Q

How is cultural hegemony established?

A

Through ideas and values becoming universally accepted as common knowledge

91
Q

How does cultural hegemony operate?

A

Without the need for violence, by using common sense

92
Q

Who is associated with the concept of The Cultural Turn?

A

Michel Foucault

93
Q

What did Michel Foucault focus on regarding culture?

A

Foucault focused on how culture is the site of ongoing conflict between dominant and subordinate groups.

93
Q

What did Foucault believe about capitalist industries and marginalized groups?

A

Foucault believed that as capitalist industries grow with the focus on economic productivity as the primary goal, new forms of regulation are implemented to regulate marginalized groups and social classes.

94
Q

Poststructuralism

A

Foucault was part of a movement in France known as POSTSTRUCTURALISM.

94
Q

FEMINIST THEORY

A

Focus: Patriarchy

Micro and Macro Social Structures

95
Q

Harriet Martineau
(1802-1876): The Mother of Sociology!

A

It is hard to tell which is worse; the wide diffusion of things that are not true, or the suppression of things that are true ~ Harriet Martineau.

Women, like men, must be educated with a view to action, or their studies cannot be called education ~ Harriet Martineau

Focused on slavery, factory law, gender equality
Arguably the first feminist

96
Q

When did feminist theory develop?

A

18th century

97
Q

When did feminist theory gain traction?

A

1970s and 1980s

98
Q

What are some issues raised by feminist theory?

A

Violence against women, division of labor, unpaid labor, structural barriers to education, politics, military

99
Q

What are the roots of feminist theory?

A

Marxism

100
Q

What field did feminist theory challenge?

A

Sociology

101
Q

What does Feminist Theory claim about patriarchy and class inequality?

A

It claims that patriarchy is at least as important as class inequality in determining a person’s opportunity in life.

102
Q

How does Feminist Theory explain male domination and female subordination?

A

It holds that male domination and female subordination are determined not by biological necessity but by structures of power and social convention.

103
Q

What does Feminist Theory propose regarding gender inequality?

A

It contends that existing patterns of gender inequality can and should be changed for the benefit of all members of society.

104
Q

Patriocery - rule of the fathers

A

Male domination
Barrier to equal opportunities

105
Q

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

A

Hull House, Chicago

Things that make us alike are finer and stronger than the things that make us different
~ Jane Addams

106
Q

What was the significance of Jane Addams’ work at Hull House?

A

Her work at Hull House had an unprecedented impact on the academic research at the Chicago School of Sociology and contributed to the birthplace of American Sociology.

107
Q

What recognition did Jane Addams receive for her work at Hull House?

A

Jane Addams received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her contributions at Hull House.

108
Q

What is the current status of Hull House?

A

Hull House is now both an official Chicago landmark and a National Historic Landmark.

109
Q

THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION:

A

C. Wright Mills’ concept of the Sociological Imagination a is a fundamental idea in sociology that encourages individuals to understand the connection between personal experiences andlarger social forces.

110
Q

What are ‘personal troubles’ in the sociological imagination?

A

Private problems experienced by individuals (e.g., unemployment, relationship issues)

111
Q

What are ‘public issues’ in the sociological imagination?

A

Broader societal problems that affect many people (e.g., economic recessions, social inequality)

112
Q

How does the sociological imagination relate personal troubles to public issues?

A

It enables individuals to see how personal troubles are often rooted in public issues and broader social structures.

113
Q

Linking Biography and History:

A

oMills emphasizes the importance of understanding one’s

personal biography within the context of historical and societal

changes.

oFor example, an individual’s career path is influenced not just by

personal choices but also by historical contexts such as economic

conditions, technological advancements, or cultural norms

114
Q

Understanding Social Context:

A

oThe sociological imagination allows people to step outside of their personal perspectives and see how their lives are shaped by social contexts, including class, race, gender, and institutions.

oIt encourages critical thinking about how societal norms, values, and power dynamics influence individual behavior and opportunities.

115
Q

Critical Thinking and Questioning the Status Quo:

A

Mills advocates for questioning common assumptions and critically analyzing societal structures.

o By using the sociological imagination, individuals can challenge dominant narratives and understand the deeper,often hidden, forces that shape everyday life.

116
Q

Empowerment through Awareness:

A

Developing a sociological imagination empowers individuals to see beyond their immediate circumstances, understand the broader forces at play, and consider potential ways to enact social change.

o It also fosters empathy by helping people understand diverse experiences and perspectives shaped by different social contexts

117
Q

What are today’s big Sociological

Questions

A

Many, if not most of the questions stem from the causes and consequences of the POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION and GLOBALIZATION.

118
Q

Post Industrial Revolution

A

Post Industrial Revolution: refers to the technology driven shift from manufacturing to service industries and the consequences of that shift for virtually all human activities.

119
Q

Globalization:

A

Globalization: is the process by which formerly separate economies, states, and cultures become tied together and people become increasingly aware of their growing independence.
Benefited a lot of people but not everyone

120
Q

Equality of opportunity and inequality of opportunity

A

Health care system is desperate need of help
Less democratic
Politics are toxic
Far to many low paying jobs with no benefits
Racism is on the rise
The gap between the rich and poor have gotten bigger

121
Q

Freedom and constraints

A

More freedom
How we want to perceive
Construct our identity
Less guilt with divorce
Freedom of sexuality

122
Q

Freedom and constraints negatives

A

The consequences of consumerism
Less privacy with being servailed (anxiety and motored)
Dehumanizing work spaces
Dehumanizing of natural culture
Money over humans

123
Q

Positivism social research

A

Functionalism
Conflict theory
Feminist theory

124
Q

Interpretive social research

A

Symbolic interactionism
Conflict theory
Feminist theory

125
Q

POSITIVISM

A

Positivism
assumes that social realities are objective and are best studied through quantitative research methods.

126
Q

What are some examples of quantitative research methods in positivism?

A

Surveys, measuring variables, generating statistics, controlled experiments, structured interviews

127
Q

How do positivist researchers test hypotheses/theories?

A

By using the Scientific Method and deductive reasoning

128
Q

What does a positivist researcher do to test the validity of their hunch?

A

Proceed to test the validity on specific cases, aiming to reflect reality

129
Q

POSITIVISM objectivity

A

Objectivity is assessed by the degree of consistency between independent observers.

Objectivity emerges as independent researchers who examine the same phenomena produce consistent observations.

130
Q

POSITIVISM The End Goal…..

A

The End Goal…..
. The steady accumulation of reliable, valid, knowledge of the

social world that can be used to guide social change, but also to

explain and predict (and sometimes control) human behavior.

131
Q

What do interpretivists assume about social realities?

A

Subjectively constructed

132
Q

What are some qualitative research methods used by interpretivists?

A

In-depth interviews, ethnographies, case studies, narratives, content analysis

133
Q

Why do interpretivists emphasize subjectivity?

A

Value individual understandings, meanings, experiences, motives

134
Q

What is Verstehen in interpretivism?

A

Understanding

135
Q

What is the key to understanding in interpretivism?

A

Empathy

136
Q

What type of data is considered important by interpretivists?

A

Peoples’ values

137
Q

What is the goal of interpretivists in research?

A

Provide deep understanding of specific group, community, organization, event

138
Q

W. I. Thomas….

A

was an American Sociologist and a major contributor to

Symbolic Interactionism.

Situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences is referred to as the THOMAS THEOREM.

139
Q

The SELF FULFILLING PROPHECY

A

an expectation that helps to cause what it predicts

Agents of Socialization Families Schools Peer Groups Mass Media

140
Q

What is the primary purpose of families?

A

Primary socialization

141
Q

Where does primary socialization mainly occur?

A

Families

142
Q

What is the role of school as a secondary socialization agent?

A

School provides socialization outside of the family after childhood.

143
Q

What does Conflict Theories emphasize in relation to schooling?

A

Conflict Theories emphasize the ‘hidden curriculum’ in schools.

144
Q

What does the ‘hidden curriculum’ in schools involve?

A

The ‘hidden curriculum’ involves teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural standards of being a good citizen.

145
Q

What are Peer Groups?

A

Those about the same age and of similar status.

146
Q

Why are Peer Groups important socialization agents?

A
  1. Aid in the development of an independent source of identity. 2. Help integrate young people into larger society by preparing them for class & racial inequalities of the adult world.
147
Q

What are some avenues of Mass Media?

A

Films, television, books, magazines, billboards, etc

148
Q

Where do we primarily get exposed to Mass Media on a daily basis?

A

Internet

149
Q

What are some positives and costs associated with Mass Media exposure?

A

Positives exist, but they come at a cost

150
Q

Mass Media & Feminist Approaches to Socialization

A

Mass Media: exposes us to influences that shape our ideas, attitudes, expectations, values and behaviours. The message of male superiority in film perpetuates the under- representation of women in science and politics.

151
Q

Total Institutions …

A

are settings in which people are isolated from the larger society and under the strict control and constant supervision of specialized staff. Resocialization occurs in such places. This is when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in a person’s values, roles, and self conception

152
Q

What do symbols represent?

A

Symbols represent something else.

153
Q

How are symbols shared among people?

A

Symbols are shared through multiple people, primarily using language.

154
Q

What is the significance of language in symbol usage?

A

Language is the primary symbol used to convey meanings and ideas.

155
Q

How can the destruction of language impact a culture?

A

One way to kill a culture is to eliminate their language.

156
Q

What does culture consist of?

A

Shared symbols and their definitions that people create to solve real life problems.

157
Q

Which companies exemplify the power of post-capital industrialization?

A

Amazon and Google

158
Q

Emojis as symbols

A

Helps infuse intention and emotions

159
Q

Culture

A

also includes the way that non-material objects - like thoughts, action, language,

and values - come together with material objects to form a way of life.

Ultimately, culture can be broken down into 2

Components: THINGS and IDEAS
.

160
Q

What does ‘Material Culture’ refer to?

A

the tools and techniques that enable people to accomplish tasks

161
Q

What is an example of non-material culture related to crossing the street?

A

A lot of the culture that is packed into crossing the street is made up of non-material things

162
Q

Non-Material Culture

A

s composed of symbols, norms, and other intangible elements. It’s the culture of ideas.

In our culture we are taught, for example, that red means “stop”, green means “go”, and yellow means”yield” (or gun it)

Non-Material Culture also includes values, customs, and ideals.

Ie: Instead of the Statue of Liberty, it’s the IDEA of Liberty.

163
Q

What do sociologists tend to focus on?

A

Non-Material Culture

164
Q

What makes up Non-Material Culture?

A

1) Symbols, 2) Values, 3) Beliefs and Norms

165
Q

What percentage of communication do gestures make up?

A

97%

166
Q

What are Values in Non-Material Culture?

A

Ideas of right or wrong, things we find beautiful or unattractive

167
Q

What do Beliefs and Norms represent in Non-Material Culture?

A

Beliefs are what we hold to be true, Norms are societal expectations

168
Q

What are beliefs?

A

Beliefs are cultural statements that define what community members consider real.

169
Q

How do community members view widely shared beliefs?

A

When beliefs are widely shared in a community, members accept beliefs as truth.

170
Q

What are norms?

A

Norms are the rules of conduct for membership in a group. They are the generally accepted way of doing things.

171
Q

What are folkways?

A

Folkways are informal social preferences that are powerful in confirming behavior and in conforming and nonconforming.

172
Q

What are mores?

A

Mores are formal social requirements, similar to conditions of your contract at work, that involve following the rules of the establishment.

173
Q

What are laws?

A

Laws are codified rules enforced by the state. They carry heavier punishment and violations can lead to legal consequences under the criminal code.

174
Q

What are taboos?

A

Taboos are forbidden practices that elicit strong repulsion, such as those related to incest and cannibalism.

175
Q

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

A

he orderly arrangement of social interaction.

176
Q

What does cooperation enable in society?

A

The ability to create a complex social life by establishing generally accepted ways of doing things and ideas about what is right and wrong.

177
Q

How are norms achieved and established?

A

Through cooperation.

178
Q

How do we engage in normative behavior?

A

Via social organization.

179
Q

What is an example of normative behavior mentioned in the context?

A

Having a general idea like breaking the law.

180
Q

How does culture help to solve problems

A

ABSTRACTION COOPERATION PRODUCTION
⬇️ ⬇️ ⬇️
BELIEFS NORMS & VALUES MATERIAL CULTURE & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

Process how we develop things

181
Q

The Sociological Compass:

A

Freedom & Constraint applied to Culture

FREEDOM CONSTRAINT
- Multiculturalism - Rationalization
- Rights Revolution - Consumerism
- Postmodernism - From Counterculture to Subculture

182
Q

Freedom: As Multiculturalism

A

Canada: The world’s first official multicultural nation

183
Q

Freedom (& Constraint): Multiculturalism

A

In a world where we can travel the globe and live in places where previously this was unthinkable…. Multiculturalism in dating has contributed to cultural diversification for many people.
2011 and 2016 there was a switch and 87 percent came outside of europe

184
Q

Conflict revolution

A

People trying to keep their power
People trying to gain

185
Q

Freedom: Postmodernism

A

Postmodernism is characterized by an eclectic mix of cultural elements, the erosion of authority, and the decline of consensus around core values.
Modern era to understand the postmodern area 1850-1950
Invisibility of progress
Respect for authority

186
Q

What does postmodernism in freedom entail?

A

An eclectic mix of cultural elements from different times and places empowering the creation of personalized belief systems and practices.

187
Q

How does cultural blending relate to freedom in postmodernism?

A

It creates tolerance and an appreciation for ethnic, racial, and religious groups other than one’s own.

188
Q

Freedom: Postmodernism

A

Half a century ago, Canadians were more likely than they are now to defer to the authority of the primary institutions in their lives. This is no longer the case. An EROSION OF AUTHORITY has occurred.

The exposing of the multiple of sins having less belief
Less religion to more spiritual

Exposing of political beliefs/ leader
Less faith in doctors because of how health care has changed
All these contribute to modern day society

189
Q

Freedom: A Decline of Consensus Around Core Values

A

Half a century ago, Canadian’s values remained relatively stable and many core values were widely shared. This is not the case anymore.

The rise of Postmodernism brings tolerance, empowerment, and an appreciation for groups other than your own. This includes healthy skepticism about the extent of progress in ‘big tech’ and science, and it frees people to reject identities imposed on them by others.

190
Q

Culture as Constraint

A

1) Rationalization

2) Consumerism

3) Cultural Capital

191
Q

What concept did Max Weber introduce in his theoretical work?

A

Rationalization

192
Q

According to Max Weber, what does rationalization describe?

A

The most efficient way of attaining goals and the unintended, negative consequences of doing so

193
Q

What example did Weber use to illustrate the two faces of rationalization?

A

Electronic communication devices like the iPhone

194
Q

How did Weber describe living under the influence of rationalization?

A

Living inside an iron cage

195
Q

Role performance comes with both

A

CONSTRAINT and FREEDOM.

Role playing (as constraint)

Role making (as freedom)

196
Q

Social Interaction….

A

is the process by which role performers act in relation to each other.
…is about COMMUNICATION ~ the sending and receiving of messages.

Messages can be INSTRUMENTAL or EXPRESSIVE.

197
Q

What is Emotion Management?

A

Following culturally transmitted ‘scripts’ that consist of information individuals have learned about how to respond to a particular situation.

198
Q

What is Emotion Labour?

A

The emotion management that people do as part of their job and for which they are paid.

199
Q

Conflict Theories of Social Interaction

A

According to Conflict Theory, competition for attention, approval,

prestige, information, money, and other resources are what

guide social interaction.

200
Q

POWER

A

is the capacity to carry out one’s will despite resistance. People, when they interact, find that their statuses are arranged in a hierarchy.

201
Q

Conflict Theory suggests that there are

3 Main Modes of Interaction

A

Domination

Cooperation

Competition

202
Q

Erving Goffman & the Dramaturgical

A

He saw interaction like a play and borrowed much of his terminology from the theater.

Ie: Front stage and Backstage behavior

Like all symbolic interactionists, Goffman believed that the stability of social life depends on our adherence to norms, roles,and statuses.

203
Q

What is ethnomethodology?

A

An offshoot of Symbolic Interactionism

204
Q

What do ethnomethodologists focus on?

A

Understanding the norms that precede interaction

205
Q

Why do ethnomethodologists study how people make sense of others’ actions?

A

To understand how individuals adhere to pre-existing norms

206
Q

Why are shared norms important according to ethnomethodology?

A

Life wouldn’t be possible without shared norms

207
Q

How do ethnomethodologists establish norms?

A

Through disruptive actions

208
Q

What are Breaching Experiments associated with ethnomethodology?

A

Howard Garfinkle’s experiments that involve intentionally breaking social norms

209
Q

What are status cues?

A

Visual indicators of a person’s social position.

210
Q

How do status cues help in social interaction?

A

They define the situation and facilitate social interaction.

211
Q

What is the potential social danger of status cues?

A

They can quickly degenerate into…

212
Q

STEREOTYPES

A

the rigid views of how members of various groups act,

regardless of whether individual group members really behave that way.
Example: black man who drive expensive cars get pulled over the most

Expensive car - black male

213
Q

What is the theoretical summary of Social Conflict?

A

The competitive exchange of valued resources structures social interaction

214
Q

How does Feminist theory view social interaction?

A

Status differences between men and women structure social interaction

215
Q

According to Symbolic Interactionist theory, what does social interaction involve?

A

Social interaction involves the interpretation, negotiation, and modification of norms, roles, and statuses

soc mid term (5 decks)

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