part 2

Question 1

What is TNM?

Answer 1

T- tumor size and invasiveness
N- spread to lymph nodes
M- metastasis

Question 2

T 0-4 and x

Answer 2

0 = in situ 
4 = metastasis 
X = tumor can't be measured or found

Question 3

N 0-4 and X

Answer 3

0 = no lymph node involvement 
4 = many lymph nodes involved 
x = unable to be assessed

Question 4

M 0-4 and X

Answer 4

0 = no metastasis 
4 = moved to many other organs 
x = can't be determined

Question 5

What are the types of biopsy?

Answer 5

• needle or aspiration: bone marrow, prostate gland, liver, kidney
• incisional: scalpel or dermal punch
• excisional: remove then biopsy, skin, intestinal polyps, breast masses

Question 6

What is the goal of chemotherapy?

Answer 6

to eliminate or reduce the number of malignant cells present in the primary tumor and metastatic tumor site

Question 7

What factors determine response to chemotherapy?

Answer 7

• mitotic rate: faster cells will respond better
• size: a lower tumor burden is better because it is smaller
• age: a younger tumor will respond better
• location: certain locations in the body respond to chemo better and are more easily reached by medication
• resistant tumor cells: mutation of cells can result in resistance to chemo

Question 8

What is targeted therapy?

Answer 8

targets cancer cells not normal cells

Question 9

What is biological therapy?

Answer 9

• uses living organisms, substances, or synthetic versions
• vaccines or bacteria to stimulate immune response
• works to modify relationship between the host and tumor
• interferes with cancers ability to metastasize or differentiate