part 1

Question 1

What is the most common type of cancer?

Answer 1

oral squamous cell carcinoma

Question 2

What are the 2 dysfunctions present in cancer cells?

Answer 2

proliferation

differentiation

Question 3

What is the protocol-onco gene and the onco gene?

Answer 3

• proto-onco: normal gene

- onco-gene: mutations in proto-onco

Question 4

This involves a mutation in the cell’s genetic structure. A mutation is any change in the usual DNA sequence. This can happen by either inherited or acquired mutations.

Answer 4

Initiation: the first step in cancer

Question 5

Promotion is the second stage in cancer. This is an increase in altered cell population. What factors serve as promoters?

Answer 5

• dietary fat/ obesity
• cigarette smoking
• alcohol, smoking
• prolonged severe stress

Question 6

the last stage in the natural history of a cancer. This stage is characterized by increased growth rate of the tumor, increased invasiveness, and metastasis

Answer 6

progression

Question 7

How can cancer cells escape the TAA’s immune response?

Answer 7

Immunologic escape

Question 8

• well differentiated
• usually encapsulated
• characteristics similar to parent cell
• metastasis is absent
• rarely recur

Answer 8

benign neoplasm

Question 9

• may range from well differentiated to undifferentiated
• able to metastasize
• infiltrative and expansive growth
• frequent recurrence
• moderate to marked vascularity
• rarely encapsulated
• becomes less like parent cell

Answer 9

malignant neoplasm

Question 10

How are tumors classified?

Answer 10

• anatomic size
• histology (grading severity)
• extent of disease classification (staging and TNM)

Question 11

What is worse grade 1 or 4?

Answer 11

1 = better 
4 = worst