Part 135 Regulations

Question 1

What are the maximum number of flight hours a pilot can fly in a quarter, any two quarters or a year? 135.267

Answer 1

500 hours in any one quarter,

800 hours in any two consecutive quarters

1400 hours in a year.

Question 2

Under which circumstances may a pilot continue an approach after conditions have deteriorated below the published or derived minimums?

Answer 2

Aircraft has passed the FAF on an ILS approach

or has been turned over to final approach controller on ASR or PAR approach,

or on a non-precision approach has passed the facility or

FAF or if no FAF has completed the procedure turn and is established inbound. Upon reaching the DA/MDA actual weather at or above minimums prescribed for procedure.

Question 3

Under what circumstances can a pilot commence an instrument approach to a facility that does not have an approved source of weather?

Answer 3

Alternate airport must have an approved source of weather and and latest weather report includes altimeter setting for destination airport. pilot may use the current altimeter setting provided by the facility designated on the approach chart for the destination airport

Question 4

PIlots with less than 100 hours in type must increase ceiling and visibility minima by how much?

Answer 4

100 feet and 1/2 mile.

Question 5

What is the F.A.R requirement with respect to commencement of an I.A.P.? 135.225

Answer 5

Cannot commence the approach unless the airport has a weather facility operated by NWS and latest reported conditions are at or above the authorized IFR landing minimums for that airport.

Question 6

What is the F.A.R requirement with respect to the first airport of intended landing and fuel requirements? 135.223

Answer 6

1-2-3 rule. Must carry sufficient fuel to first airport of landing plus fuel to alternate plus 45 minutes unless:

The airport has an I.A.P and the weather reports/forecast or combination indicate from 1 hour before/after ETA ceiling will be 1500 ft above lowest circling MDA or if no circling procedure, 1500 ft above lowest published minima or 2000 ft above airport elevation, whichever is higher; and ….
3 miles visibility or 2 miles more than the lowest visibility minima for I.A.P to be used, whichever is greater.

Question 7

What is the F.A.R requirement with respect to designating an alternate airport weather minimums? 135.221

Answer 7

No person may designate an alternate airport unless the weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that the weather conditions will be at or above authorized alternate airport landing minimums for that airport at the estimated time of arrival.

Question 8

What is the maximum flight time a pilot may fly in any 24 hour period? 135.267

Answer 8

10

Question 9

Under which conditions can the 8 or 10 hour flight time limitation is exceeded? 135.267(c)

Answer 9

Must occur during a regularly scheduled 14 hour duty period, must be preceded by and followed by 10 consecutive hour rest period.

Question 10

What is the required (compensatory) rest period when a flight time limitation has been exceeded (because of circumstances beyond the control of either the FMT or the crew member? 135.267(e)

Answer 10

11 consecutive hours of rest for 30 minutes;

12 consecutive hours of rest for 30 to 60 minutes;

16 consecutive hours of rest for in excess of 60 minutes.

Question 11

How many rest periods of at least 24 consecutive hours are required in any calendar quarter? 135.267(f)

Answer 11

13

Question 12

What are the responsibilities of the PIC regarding mechanical irregularities that comes to his/her attention during flight?

Answer 12

The PIC shall enter or have entered in the aircraft maintenance log each mechanical irregularity that comes to the pilot’s attention during flight time.
Before each flight, the PIC shall, if the pilot does not already know, determine the status of each irregularity entered in the maintenance log at the end of the preceding flight.

Question 13

What publications and materials must a certificate holder make available to each pilot?

Answer 13

Continuously when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 10,000 ft MSL.

• When operating above 35,000 ft MSL, one pilot at the controls shall wear an oxygen mask.
• When one pilot leaves a duty station when operating above 25,000 ft MSL, the remaining pilot at the controls shall wear an oxygen mask.

Question 14

Define the phrase “critical phase of flight” with respect to the conduct of flight crewmember duties.

Answer 14

Critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 ft, except cruise flight.

Question 15

What are the restrictions for serving alcoholic beverages to passengers?

Answer 15

• The certificate holder must serve any alcoholic beverage aboard its aircraft.
• No alcoholic beverage may be served to any passenger that appears to be intoxicated.
• No person that appears to be intoxicated may board the aircraft.

Question 16

What portable electronic devices are acceptable for operation on aircraft operating under FAR Part 135?

Answer 16

The following are acceptable:

1. Portable voice recorders;
2. Hearing aids;
3. Heart pacemakers;
4. Electric shavers;
5. Any other portable electronic device that the certificate holder has determined will not cause interference with the navigation or communication system of the aircraft on which it is to be used.

Question 17

How much oxygen must be carried for the passengers onboard a pressurized aircraft flying above FL250?

Answer 17

A 10-minute supply of supplemental oxygen must be available for use by the passengers when a descent is necessary due to loss of cabin pressurization.

Question 18

How much oxygen must be carried for the passengers onboard a pressurized aircraft flying above 10,000 ft MSL through 15,000 ft MSL?

Answer 18

Oxygen must be available to at least 10% of the occupants of the aircraft, excluding the pilots, for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration.

Question 19

How much oxygen must be carried for the passengers onboard a pressurized aircraft flying above 15,000 ft MSL?

Answer 19

Oxygen must be available to each occupant of the aircraft, excluding the pilots, for one hour unless, at all times during flight above that altitude, the aircraft can safely descend to 15,000 ft MSL within 4 minutes, in which case only a 30-minute supply is required.

Question 20

When must the airborne thunderstorm detection equipment be in satisfactory operating condition for aircraft or helicopters (except operating day VFR) with 10 or more passenger seats?

Answer 20

No person may begin a flight under IFR or night VFR conditions when current weather reports indicate that thunderstorm or other potentially hazardous weather conditions that can be detected with airborne thunderstorm detection equipment may reasonably be expected along the route to be flown.

Question 21

What are the VFR visibility requirements for airplane operations under Part 135?

Answer 21

Airplane operations under VFR in uncontrolled airspace when the ceiling is less than 1,000 ft requires 2 miles flight visibility.

Question 22

How much fuel must an airplane carry for VFR operations under Part 135?

Answer 22

Airplane fuel requirements must ensure enough fuel to fly to the destination plus to fly after that for at least 30 minutes (day) or 45 minutes (night).

Question 23

When must a takeoff alternate be designated?

Answer 23

When making a takeoff at an airport where the weather is at or above takeoff minimums but is below the authorized IFR landing minimums, an alternate airport must be available within 1 hour of the departure airport.

Question 24

May an aircraft operating under Part 135 operations depart to the destination when the forecast at the time of arrival is such that weather conditions are forecast to be below the authorized IFR landing minimums?

Answer 24

No. In order to take off, the destination airport weather must be forecast to be at or above authorized IFR landing minimums at the ETA.

Question 25

How much fuel must an aircraft carry for IFR operations under Part 135?

Answer 25

Enough fuel to:

1. Complete the flight to the destination;
2. Continue the flight to the alternate airport; and
3. Fly after that for 45 minutes at normal cruising speed.

Question 26

When is an alternate airport required when operating under Part 135?

Answer 26

When a standard instrument approach procedure is not available; or for +- 1 hr of the ETA:

1. Ceiling less than 1,500 ft above the lowest circling approach MDA; or
2. If circling is not authorized, a celing less than 1,500 ft above the lowest published minimum or 2,000 ft AGL, whichever is higher;
3. Visibility forecast less than 3 SM, or 2 SM above the approach to be flown, whichever is higher.

Question 27

May a pilot operating IFR under Part 135 begin an instrument approach procedure to an airport when the weather conditions are below authorized IFR landing minimums?

Answer 27

No. The weather conditions must be at or above the authorized IFR landing minimums to begin the final approach segment of the instrument approach procedure.

Question 28

When may a pilot continue the approach below the DH or MDA and touch down?

Answer 28

• Normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers that allow landing within the touchdown zone;
• Flight visibility > than required for the approach;
• At least one of the following visual references is distinctly visible and identifiable:

1. ALS: continue below 100’ above TDZE if red terminating bar/red side row bars in view; or
2. Threshold, marking or light; or
3. REIL, VASI; or
4. Touchdown zone or runway, markings or lights.

Question 29

How are the landing minimums affected for the PIC who has low time in a specific type of airplane while operating under Part 135?

Answer 29

Each PIC of a turbine-powered airplane who has not served at least 100 hrs as PIC in that type of airplane will raise the landing minimums (MDA/DA/DH and visibility) in the OPSPECs by 100 ft and 1/2 mile respectively, not to exceed the ceiling and visibility minimums for that airport when used as an alternate airport.

Question 30

What are the takeoff minimums for a pilot operating in IFR conditions under Part 135?

Answer 30

For airports with published takeoff minimums, no pilot may take off unless the weather is at or above these published takeoff minimums or OPSPECs.
For airports without published takeoff minimums, no pilot may take off unless the weather is either 1 SM (aircraft having 2 engines or less) or 1/2 SM (aircraft having more than 2 engines or helicopters). In addition, where straight-in approaches are authorized, the winds and reported weather must be landing minimums.

Question 31

For Part 135 commuter operations, how many hours must the pilot have as PIC in the make and basic model aircraft in the crewmember position before the operator may designate the pilot as PIC for commuter operations?

Answer 31

Make and Model Aircraft – PIC Operating Experience

Aircraft single engine – 10 hrs

Aircraft Multi Engine (Recip) – 15 hrs

Aircraft Multi Engine (Turbine) – 20 hrs

Airplane Turbojet – 25 hrs

Question 32

What are the recency of experience requirements within the preceding 90 days, for a PIC operating under Part 135?

Answer 32

PIC of an aircraft carrying passengers must have:

1. Made 3 takeoffs and 3 landing in an aircraft of the same category and class or in the same type in which the PIC is to serve;
2. For operations between 1 hr after sunset and 1 hr before sunrise, the same as # 1 above during this period of time.
3. For tailwheel airplanes, each takeoff/landing must be in a tailwheel airplane, with each landing to a full stop.