Part 1 Summer Work: Prerequisite Biology and Chemistry COPY Flashcards
1
Q
Overpopulation?
A
When a population exceeds carrying capacity
2
Q
Competition?
A
The rivalry between living things for resources
3
Q
Natural Selection?
A
A process when a certain genotypic characteristic is better for survival
4
Q
Homologous Structures?
A
Share common ancestor
5
Q
Analogous Structures?
A
Different species, but similar functions
6
Q
Population?
A
Group of organisms of a species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.
7
Q
Alleles?
A
Different forms of the same gene
8
Q
Genotype?
A
The genetic makeup of an organism
9
Q
Phenotype?
A
The physical traits of an organism
10
Q
Altering Factors of Gene Pool?
A
mutations, natural selection, genetic drift.
11
Q
Substitution?
A
mutation where one base pair is replaced by a different base pair.
12
Q
Insertion?
A
mutation where there is an addition of a base pair.
13
Q
Deletion?
A
mutation where a part of the DNA is left out.
14
Q
Silent?
A
mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not affect the amino acid
15
Q
Missense?
A
mutation that changes a single nucleotide and changes the amino acid
16
Q
Codons?
A
a sequence of three nucleotides
17
Q
Metabolism?
A
the chemical reaction in body cells to change food into energy
18
Q
Catalyst?
A
a substance the increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed (enzymes)
19
Q
Heterotroph?
A
an organism that consumes other organisms
20
Q
Autotroph?
A
an organism that produces its own food using
21
Q
Food Webs?
A
a model that represents food chains linked together
22
Q
Trophic Levels?
A
position in a food chain
23
Q
Pyramid?
A
characterized by how food energy is passed along (10%)
24
Q
The equation for Photosynthesis?
A
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
25
Photosynthesis Organisms?
Plants, algae, cyanobacteria
26
Photosynthesis Organelles?
Chloroplast
27
Light Dependant?
Location: Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
Process -
1. Energy is Absorbed by the Sun Photosystem 2
2. Water is broken down
3. Hydrogen Ions moves across the membrane
4. Energy is absorbed by the sun in photosystem 1
5. NADPH is produced from NADP+
6. Hydrogen Ions diffuse through the protein channel
7. ADP becomes ATP
28
Light Independent?
Location: Stroma which is the cytoplasm of a chloroplast
Process -
1. Carbon Fixation - 3 CO2 combines with RuBisCo turn into 3-PGA
2. Reduction - 3-PGA is reduced using electrons from NADPH
3. Regeneration - RuBP regenerates to restart the cycle. Only one carbon is incorporated. Must complete 3 times to produce a three-carbon G3P and six times to produce six-carbon glucose
29
Light Ind vs Light Dep
Light-dependent uses light and water and produces Oxygen.
| While light dependant uses CO2 and produces glucose
30
The equation for Cellular Respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
31
Cellular Respiration Organisms?
All animals, bacteria, plants, some fungus, and some protists.
32
Cellular Respiration Organelles?
Mitochondria
33
Glycolysis?
Converts 1 Glucose into 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADPH
| Aerobic respiration - Without oxygen
34
Krebs Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle?
Location - Mitochorida in Eukaryotes and cytoplasm in Prokaryotes
1. Converts pyruvate into Acetyl Coenzyme A
2. Oxidized to CO2 where hydrogen ions are removed and transformed to NADPH and FADH2. CO2 released
3. 2 ATP are produced
35
Electron Transport Chain?
Location - Inner membrane of Mitochondria
1. the NADH and FADH2 deposit electrons
2. Electrons power Proton pump push protons out of the membrane
3. Protons go through ATP synthase to turn ADP into ATP
4. 25 ATP is produced
36
DNA?
a molecule inside cells that contains genetic information responsible for development and function
37
Heredity?
passing genetic information from one generation to another
38
Chromosomes?
a structure made up of protein and DNA
39
Gene?
genes are DNA and are the basic physical and functional unit of heredity
40
Heterozygous?
The presence of two different alleles
41
Homozygous?
the presence of the same two alleles
42
Protein Synthesis Organelles?
Transcription - Nucleus
| Translation - Ribosomes
43
Transcription?
1. Initiation, RNA polymerase binds to a part of a gene called the promoter and unwinds to DNA
2. Elongation, The addition of Nucleotides to make an mRNA strand.
3. Termination ending of transcription and mRNA detaches from DNA
44
Translation?
1. mRNA moves out of the nucleus into a Ribosome
2. In the Ribosome is Protein and rRNA
3. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons in the mRNA and molecules of tRNA bring amino acid to the ribosome
4. tRNA anticodon brings amino acid and creates a polypeptide chain
45
mRNA?
Messenger RNA is a single-strand RNA molecule that complements a DNA Strand
46
tRNA?
Transfer RNA decodes mRNA sequences into proteins
47
Inheritance?
genetic information passed from parent to child
48
Dominant?
an allele is dominant if it expressed its phenotype with a different allele
49
Recessive?
a trait that is expressed only when the genotype is homozygous
50
Incomplete dominance?
Neither allele is dominant, therefore producing a blend
51
Codominance?
Neither allele is dominant, so both show up such as spotted
52
Sex-linked?
a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome
53
Homeostasis?
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium
54
Carbohydrates function?
polymer and a monosaccharide(simple sugar) - provide energy
55
Lipids function?
glycerol and fatty acid. Triglyceride lipids store energy
56
proteins function?
Amino acids - Builds and repairs the body
57
nucleic acids function?
Nucleotides - Genetic Information
58
condensation reaction?
two molecules combine ith a catalyst, without the need of water and other simple molecules
59
hydrolysis reaction?
break down a chemical by adding water
60
prokaryotes?
single cell
61
eukaryotes?
single or multicellular
62
membrane structure?
phospholipid bilayer, fatty acid tails making it hydrophobic
63
membrane transport?
selective transport. Active, Facilitated, and Passive Transport
64
cell cycle?
Interphase, Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
65
meiosis?
a single cell divides twice creating gametes, with half genetic information
66
diploid?
Two complete sets of chromosomes
67
haploid?
A single set of chromosomes
68
simple diffusion?
movement across the membrane without channels. CO2, protein, and small molecules
69
facilitated diffusion?
the transport of substances from high concentration to low concentration
70
hypertonic?
higher solute concentration than its surroundings
71
isotonic?
same concentration
72
hypotonic?
less solute concentration
73
Electron Orbits?
1s, 2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p
74
Covalent Bonds?
chemical bonds where two atoms share electrons
75
Ionic Bonds?
chemical where two atoms transfer electrons
76
Hydrogen Bonds?
bond created with hydrogen
77
Valence Electrons?
electrons in the outermost shell
78
Cations?
positive charged ion
79
Anions?
negative charged ion
80
Polarity?
When atoms form a bond, but one exerts a stronger force. High polarity is hydrophilic
Non polar is hydrophobic
81
Polarity Property in Water?
Positive charge on the hydrogens and negative charges on the oxygen
82
Kinetic Molecular Theory ?
(1) the particles in a gas are in constant, random motion, (2) the combined volume of the particles is negligible, (3) the particles exert no forces on one another,
(4) any collisions between the particles are completely elastic, and
5) the average kinetic energy of the particles is proportional to the temperature in kelvins.
Temperature = How quickly moving
Pressure = How often molecules hit the side
Phase change = the average space between molecules gets larger going from solid-liquid - gas
83
Catalyst?
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
84
Activation Energy?
the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation
85
Endothermic?
Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions in which the reactants absorb heat energy from the surroundings
86
Exothermic?
reactions or processes that release energy, usually in the form of heat or light
87
Solute?
the substance that dissolves in a solvent to produce a homogeneous mixture
88
Solvent?
the substance in which a solute dissolves to produce a homogeneous mixture
89
Hydronium Ions?
H30+ aqueous cation
90
Hydroxide ions?
oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge
91
Neutral?
Same number of electrons as protons
