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AP Biology > Part 1 Summer Work: Prerequisite Biology and Chemistry > Flashcards

Part 1 Summer Work: Prerequisite Biology and Chemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Overpopulation?

A

When a population exceeds carrying capacity

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2
Q

Competition?

A

The rivalry between living things for resources

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3
Q

Natural Selection?

A

A process when a certain genotypic characteristic is better for survival

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4
Q

Homologous Structures?

A

Share common ancestor

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5
Q

Analogous Structures?

A

Different species, but similar functions

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6
Q

Population?

A

Group of organisms of a species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.

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7
Q

Alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene

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8
Q

Genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

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9
Q

Phenotype?

A

The physical traits of an organism

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10
Q

Altering Factors of Gene Pool?

A

mutations, natural selection, genetic drift.

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11
Q

Substitution?

A

mutation where one base pair is replaced by a different base pair.

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12
Q

Insertion?

A

mutation where there is an addition of a base pair.

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13
Q

Deletion?

A

mutation where a part of the DNA is left out.

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14
Q

Silent?

A

mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not affect the amino acid

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15
Q

Missense?

A

mutation that changes a single nucleotide and changes the amino acid

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16
Q

Codons?

A

a sequence of three nucleotides

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17
Q

Metabolism?

A

the chemical reaction in body cells to change food into energy

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18
Q

Catalyst?

A

a substance the increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed (enzymes)

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19
Q

Heterotroph?

A

an organism that consumes other organisms

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20
Q

Autotroph?

A

an organism that produces its own food using

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21
Q

Food Webs?

A

a model that represents food chains linked together

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22
Q

Trophic Levels?

A

position in a food chain

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23
Q

Pyramid?

A

characterized by how food energy is passed along (10%)

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24
Q

The equation for Photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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25
Q

Photosynthesis Organisms?

A

Plants, algae, cyanobacteria

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26
Q

Photosynthesis Organelles?

A

Chloroplast

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27
Q

Light Dependant?

A

Location: Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
Process -
1. Energy is Absorbed by the Sun Photosystem 2
2. Water is broken down
3. Hydrogen Ions moves across the membrane
4. Energy is absorbed by the sun in photosystem 1
5. NADPH is produced from NADP+
6. Hydrogen Ions diffuse through the protein channel
7. ADP becomes ATP

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28
Q

Light Independent?

A

Location: Stroma which is the cytoplasm of a chloroplast
Process -
1. Carbon Fixation - 3 CO2 combines with RuBisCo turn into 3-PGA
2. Reduction - 3-PGA is reduced using electrons from NADPH
3. Regeneration - RuBP regenerates to restart the cycle. Only one carbon is incorporated. Must complete 3 times to produce a three-carbon G3P and six times to produce six-carbon glucose

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29
Q

Light Ind vs Light Dep

A

Light-dependent uses light and water and produces Oxygen.

While light dependant uses CO2 and produces glucose

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30
Q

The equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

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31
Q

Cellular Respiration Organisms?

A

All animals, bacteria, plants, some fungus, and some protists.

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32
Q

Cellular Respiration Organelles?

A

Mitochondria

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33
Q

Glycolysis?

A

Converts 1 Glucose into 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADPH

Aerobic respiration - Without oxygen

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34
Q

Krebs Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Location - Mitochorida in Eukaryotes and cytoplasm in Prokaryotes

  1. Converts pyruvate into Acetyl Coenzyme A
  2. Oxidized to CO2 where hydrogen ions are removed and transformed to NADPH and FADH2. CO2 released
  3. 2 ATP are produced
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35
Q

Electron Transport Chain?

A

Location - Inner membrane of Mitochondria

  1. the NADH and FADH2 deposit electrons
  2. Electrons power Proton pump push protons out of the membrane
  3. Protons go through ATP synthase to turn ADP into ATP
  4. 25 ATP is produced
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36
Q

DNA?

A

a molecule inside cells that contains genetic information responsible for development and function

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37
Q

Heredity?

A

passing genetic information from one generation to another

38
Q

Chromosomes?

A

a structure made up of protein and DNA

39
Q

Gene?

A

genes are DNA and are the basic physical and functional unit of heredity

40
Q

Heterozygous?

A

The presence of two different alleles

41
Q

Homozygous?

A

the presence of the same two alleles

42
Q

Protein Synthesis Organelles?

A

Transcription - Nucleus

Translation - Ribosomes

43
Q

Transcription?

A
  1. Initiation, RNA polymerase binds to a part of a gene called the promoter and unwinds to DNA
  2. Elongation, The addition of Nucleotides to make an mRNA strand.
  3. Termination ending of transcription and mRNA detaches from DNA
44
Q

Translation?

A
  1. mRNA moves out of the nucleus into a Ribosome
  2. In the Ribosome is Protein and rRNA
  3. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons in the mRNA and molecules of tRNA bring amino acid to the ribosome
  4. tRNA anticodon brings amino acid and creates a polypeptide chain
45
Q

mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA is a single-strand RNA molecule that complements a DNA Strand

46
Q

tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA decodes mRNA sequences into proteins

47
Q

Inheritance?

A

genetic information passed from parent to child

48
Q

Dominant?

A

an allele is dominant if it expressed its phenotype with a different allele

49
Q

Recessive?

A

a trait that is expressed only when the genotype is homozygous

50
Q

Incomplete dominance?

A

Neither allele is dominant, therefore producing a blend

51
Q

Codominance?

A

Neither allele is dominant, so both show up such as spotted

52
Q

Sex-linked?

A

a trait in which a gene is located on a sex chromosome

53
Q

Homeostasis?

A

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium

54
Q

Carbohydrates function?

A

polymer and a monosaccharide(simple sugar) - provide energy

55
Q

Lipids function?

A

glycerol and fatty acid. Triglyceride lipids store energy

56
Q

proteins function?

A

Amino acids - Builds and repairs the body

57
Q

nucleic acids function?

A

Nucleotides - Genetic Information

58
Q

condensation reaction?

A

two molecules combine ith a catalyst, without the need of water and other simple molecules

59
Q

hydrolysis reaction?

A

break down a chemical by adding water

60
Q

prokaryotes?

A

single cell

61
Q

eukaryotes?

A

single or multicellular

62
Q

membrane structure?

A

phospholipid bilayer, fatty acid tails making it hydrophobic

63
Q

membrane transport?

A

selective transport. Active, Facilitated, and Passive Transport

64
Q

cell cycle?

A

Interphase, Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

65
Q

meiosis?

A

a single cell divides twice creating gametes, with half genetic information

66
Q

diploid?

A

Two complete sets of chromosomes

67
Q

haploid?

A

A single set of chromosomes

68
Q

simple diffusion?

A

movement across the membrane without channels. CO2, protein, and small molecules

69
Q

facilitated diffusion?

A

the transport of substances from high concentration to low concentration

70
Q

hypertonic?

A

higher solute concentration than its surroundings

71
Q

isotonic?

A

same concentration

72
Q

hypotonic?

A

less solute concentration

73
Q

Electron Orbits?

A

1s, 2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p

74
Q

Covalent Bonds?

A

chemical bonds where two atoms share electrons

75
Q

Ionic Bonds?

A

chemical where two atoms transfer electrons

76
Q

Hydrogen Bonds?

A

bond created with hydrogen

77
Q

Valence Electrons?

A

electrons in the outermost shell

78
Q

Cations?

A

positive charged ion

79
Q

Anions?

A

negative charged ion

80
Q

Polarity?

A

When atoms form a bond, but one exerts a stronger force. High polarity is hydrophilic
Non polar is hydrophobic

81
Q

Polarity Property in Water?

A

Positive charge on the hydrogens and negative charges on the oxygen

82
Q

Kinetic Molecular Theory ?

A

(1) the particles in a gas are in constant, random motion, (2) the combined volume of the particles is negligible, (3) the particles exert no forces on one another,
(4) any collisions between the particles are completely elastic, and
5) the average kinetic energy of the particles is proportional to the temperature in kelvins.

Temperature = How quickly moving
Pressure = How often molecules hit the side
Phase change = the average space between molecules gets larger going from solid-liquid - gas

83
Q

Catalyst?

A

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

84
Q

Activation Energy?

A

the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules to a condition in which they can undergo chemical transformation

85
Q

Endothermic?

A

Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions in which the reactants absorb heat energy from the surroundings

86
Q

Exothermic?

A

reactions or processes that release energy, usually in the form of heat or light

87
Q

Solute?

A

the substance that dissolves in a solvent to produce a homogeneous mixture

88
Q

Solvent?

A

the substance in which a solute dissolves to produce a homogeneous mixture

89
Q

Hydronium Ions?

A

H30+ aqueous cation

90
Q

Hydroxide ions?

A

oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge

91
Q

Neutral?

A

Same number of electrons as protons

AP Biology (4 decks)

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