Part 1: Science Updates, and Chain of Survival

Question 1

Data show that higher ventilation rates (at least 30 breaths/ min in infants younger than 1 year and at least 25 breaths/min in children 1 year and older were associated with ____

Answer 1

improved rates of ROSC and survival in cardiac arrest.

Question 2

When performing CPR in infants and children with an advanced airway in place, it may be reasonable to target a respiratory rate range of ____

Answer 2

1 breath every 2 to 3 seconds (20-30 breaths/min), accounting for age and clinical condition.

Question 3

Intubation with a cuffed endotracheal tube can improve ____ in patients with poor pulmonary compliance and decrease

Answer 3

• capnography and ventilation

* the need for endotracheal tube changes.

Question 4

Three systematic reviews of the literature show that cuffed ET tubes decrease ____, improve ____ and the accuracy of ____, and may decrease the risk of ____.

Answer 4

• the need for reintubation
• successful ventilation
• capnography
• aspiration

Question 5

Clinical Studies show that routine use of cricoid pressure reduces ____ because it ____ and ____. Therefore, routine use of cricoid pressure is ____ during endotracheal intubation of pediatric patients.

Answer 5

• the rate of first-attempt intubation success
• can impede visualization during laryngoscopy
• chest rise with bag-mask ventilation
• not recommended

Question 6

The goal of epinephrine administration during CPR is to ____

Answer 6

optimize coronary perfusion pressure and maintain cerebral perfusion pressure.

Question 7

Earlier administration of epinephrine during CPR may ____

Answer 7

increase survival to discharge rates.

Question 8

For pediatric patients in any setting it is reasonable to administer the initial dose of epinephrine within ____ after the start of chest compressions.

Answer 8

5 minutes

Question 9

For patients with continuous invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring in place at the time of cardiac arrest, it is reasonable for providers to use ____ to assess CPR quality.

Answer 9

diastolic blood pressure

Question 10

Post cardiac arrest seizures are common and often are ____ which can only be detected with ____. Continuous ____ is recommended in patients with ____. It is recommended to treat clinical seizures that follow cardiac arrest.

Answer 10

• non-convulsive
• electroencephalography monitoring
• EEG monitoring
• persistent encephalopathy

Question 11

In patients with septic shock, it is reasonable to administer fluid boluses in ____ aliquots with frequent reassessment. After every fluid bolus, providers should ____. In infants and children with fluid-refractory septic shock, it is reasonable to ____.

Answer 11

• 10-ml/kg or 20-ml/kg
• reassess the patient for fluid responsiveness and for signs of volume overload
• use either epinephrine or norepinephrine as an initial vasoactive infusion

Question 12

Pediatric opioid overdose management is ____

Answer 12

the same as it is for adults.

Question 13

What are the elements of the chain of survival?

Answer 13

• Prevention and preparedness
• Activating the emergency response system
• High-quality CPR, including early defibrillation
• Advanced resuscitation interventions
• Post-cardiac arrest care
• Recovery