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Pathological physiology > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Choose what is typical for the chemical thermoregulation:
    a. Regulates the production of heat
    b. Is phylogenetically more new
    c. Regulates the return of heat
    d. Is phylogenetically more old
    e. A+d
    f. B+c
A

Regulates the production of heat

Is phylogeneticaly more old

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2
Q
  1. Perspiratio insensibilis is:
    a. Imperceptible evaporation
    b. Unimportant sweating
    c. Evaporation of water steam from lungs
    d. Evaporation of water steam through the skin
    e. A+c
    f. C+d
A

Evaporation of water steam through the skin

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3
Q
  1. For fever, everything is typical except:
    a. Is protectional reaction of the body
    b. In phylogenesis develops before inflammation
    c. Arises due to action of the infection
    d. Is typical pathological process
A

In phylogenesis develops before inflammation

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4
Q
  1. Thermogenesis in the newborn organism:
    a. Proceeds in the white adipose tissue
    b. Proceeds in the brown adipose tissue
    c. Is stimulated by insulin
    d. Is prevented by catecholamines
    e. A+d
    f. B+c
A

Proceeds in the brown adipose tissue

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5
Q
  1. All is typical for the stadia incrementi of fever, except:
    a. Heat comfort
    b. Patient feels cold
    c. Plae skin
    d. Trembling
    e. A+c
    f. B+d
A

Heat comfort

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6
Q
  1. The reasons of hyperpyretic fever are:
    a. Decrease the heat return mechanisms
    b. Contractional thermogenesis
    c. Thermoregulation center disorders
    d. Disconnection of biological oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation
    e. A+b
    f. C+d
A

Decreaste the heat return mechanisms

Contractional thermogenesis

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7
Q
  1. The body temperature in cause of temperate fever s:
    a. 37-38°C
    b. 38-39°C
    c. 38-40°C
    d. 39-41°C
    e. 40-42°C
A

38-39

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8
Q

Set-point changes in the hypothalamus thermoregulation center induce:

a. Metabolism increase
b. Contraction of peripheral blood vessels
c. Dilation of the peripheral blood vessels
d. Metabolism decrease
e. A+b
f. A+c
g. B+d

A

Metabolism increase

Contraction of peripheral blood vessels

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9
Q
  1. Resetting of the thermostatic set-point in the hypothalamus to a higher level directly depends on:
    a. TNF-a
    b. Prostaglandins E2
    c. IL-1
    d. IL-6
    e. A+c
    f. A+d
A

Prostaglandins E2

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10
Q
  1. Sympathetic system (a1-adrenergic) regulates:
    a. Blood flow in the skin
    b. Blood flow in the internal organs
    c. Secretion of suprarenal gland hormones
    d. Secretion of thyroid gland hormones
    e. A+b
    f. A+b+c
    g. A+b+c+d
A

Blood flow in the skin

Blood flow in the internal organs

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11
Q
  1. Stress is complex oft he
    a) Specific protective reactions
    b) Specific neuro- endocrine reactions
    c) Non-specific neuro-endocrine reactions
    d) Pathological reactions
    e) A+d
    f) B+d
A

Non-specifik neuro-endocrine reactions

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12
Q
  1. Stressors are all, except:
    a) Extraordinary irritators
    b) Ordinary short term irritators
    c) Ordinary long term irretations
    d) Lack of ordinary irritations
    e) A+b+d
    f) A+c+d
A

Ordinary short term irritators

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13
Q
  1. H. Selye stress clinical triade are all, except:
    a) Activation of sympathetic nervous system
    b) Hypertrophy of suprarenal cortex
    c) Hemorrhages of gastro-intestinal tract
    d) Involution of thymica-lymphathic system
A

Activation of sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q
  1. H. Selye described the following stages of stress:
    a) Alarming, shock, resistance
    b) Alarming, resistance, exhaustion
    c) Alarmaing, shock, exhaustion
    d) Shock, resistance, exhaustion
    e) Somatical, psyhoemotional and exhaustion
    f) Shock, contra shock and terminal
A

Alarming, resistance, exhaustion

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15
Q
  1. The main substages of alarming stage are:
    a) Shock and contra shock
    b) Initial and alarming
    c) Initial and shock
    d) Initial and contra shock
    e) A+b
    f) Not mentioned above
A

Shock and contra shock

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16
Q
  1. Obligatory stage of stress is:
    a) Alarming stage
    b) Resistance stage
    c) Exhaustion stage
    d) A+b+c
    e) A+b
    f) B+c
A

Alarming stage

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17
Q
  1. Death during operation concerns to the stress:
    a) Initial substage
    b) Shock substage
    c) Contra shock substage
    d) Resistance stage
    e) Exhaustion stage
    f) B+e
A

Shock substage

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18
Q

The main mechanism increasing the nonspecific resistance of organism in stress are:

a) Activation of biological oxidation
b) Decrease of energetical potency of organism
c) Increase permeability of cell membranes
d) All mentioned
e) A+b

A

Activation of biological oxidation

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19
Q
  1. For the limitation systems of stress are all typical, except:
    a) They have the central and peripheric mechanism
    b) They are part of pituitary and suprarenal axis
    c) Their capacity increases due to repeated action of stressor
    d) They inhibit the development of stress
    e) A+b
    f) C+d
A

They are part of pituitary and suprarenal axis

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20
Q
  1. Central limitation system of stress include:
    a) Dophamine
    b) Antioxidants
    c) Prostagladings
    d) Serotonin
    e) A+d
    f) B+c
A

Dophamine and Serotonin

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21
Q
  1. Cells communication types are all, except:
    a. Autocrine
    b. Exocrine
    c. Paracrine
    d. Endocrine
    e. Correct answers do not exist
A

Exocrine

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22
Q
  1. Major mechanism of agents causing alteration of cell are all, except:
    a. Hypoxia, deplection of ATP
    b. Formation of FR
    c. Isomineralization
    d. Loss of i/c Ca homestasis
A

Isomineralization

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23
Q
  1. Transmineralisation – disorders of activity:
    a. Ca-Mg pump
    b. Na- K pump
    c. Ph- Cl pump
    d. Phosphate – bicarbonate pump
    e. All answers are wrong
A

Na/K pump

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24
Q
  1. For NO all is correct, except:
    a. Form from L-aspartate
    b. Formation is mediated by NOS
    c. Exist 3 isoforms of NOS
    d. I-Nos synthesized in case of inflammation
A

Exist 3 isoforms of NOS

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25
Q
  1. Regulative function of NO included:
    a. Tone of blood vessels
    b. Adhesion of cells
    c. Anti-tumoral immunity
    d. Bronchoconstriction
    e. A+b+c
    f. A+b+c+d
A

A+B+C+D

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26
Q
  1. For oxidative stress are typical all, except:
    a. Disbalance between oxidative and reductive components
    b. Increased formation of ROS
    c. Induce apoptosis
    d. Decreased antioxidative protection
A

Induce apoptosis

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27
Q

Positive effects of FR are all, except:

a. Increased phagocytosis
b. Regulated synthesis of prostaglandins
c. Regulates synthesis of cytokines
d. Regulates synthesis of leuko…?
e. Are secondary messengers

A

Regulates synthesis of cytokines

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28
Q
  1. Activation of i/c enzyme systems depend from:
    a. Decreased i/c Ca level
    b. Increased i/c Ca level
    c. Decreased e/c Ca level
    d. Increased e/c Ca level
A

Not sure  either decreased i/c or e/c

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29
Q
  1. Hypoxemia is
    a. Decreased amount of O2 in tissue
    b. Decreased amount of O2 in blood
    c. Increased amount of CO2 in tissue
    d. Decreased amount of Co2 in blood
A

Decreased amount of O2 in blood

30
Q

Hypercapnia

a. Increased amount of CO2 in tissue
b. Increased amount of CO2 in blood
c. Increased amount of CO in blood
d. Decreased amount of O2 in blood

A

Increased amount of O2 in blood

31
Q
  1. Blood oxygen capacity depends from:
  2. External breathing
  3. Blood circulation speed
  4. Hb quantitiy / quality ????
  5. Biological oxidation
  6. Heart rhythm
A

Hb quantity/quality

32
Q

Shifts of Hb dissociation curve to right depends from:

a) Increased pH ; decreased temperature
b) Decreased pH ; increased temperature
c) Increased pH ; increased temperature
d) Decreased pH ; decreased temperature

A

Increased pH, increased temperature

33
Q
  1. Oxygen budget indices (?) for respiratory hypoxia are:
    a) HbO2A decreased, HbO2V decreased, AVD – N , O2A-N
    b) HbO2A increased, HbO2V increased, AVD- N, O2A-N
    c) HbO2A increased, HbO2V increased, AVD- increased N, O2A-N
    d) HbO2A, HbO2V decreased, AVD – decreased N, O2A- decreased
A

A

34
Q
  1. Hypoxia quick compensatory mechanism are all, except:
    a) Respiratory
    b) Anaerobic glycolysis
    c) Synthesis of erythropoetins
    d) Increased blood vessel tone
    e) Centralization of blood circulation
A

Synthesis of erythropoetins

35
Q
  1. The main stages of inflammatory processes are all, except:
    a) Alteration
    b) Disorders of central blood circulation
    c) Exudation
    d) Phagocytosis
    e) Proliferation
A

Disorders of central blood circulation

36
Q
  1. Primary alteration is:
    a) Cause aethiological factors
    b) Directly damaging cells
    c) Damage cells by activation of i/c enzyme systems
    d) Not part of inflammation process
A

Damage cells by activation of i/c enzyme systems

37
Q
  1. Physico- chemical changes in the focus of inflammation are all, except:
    a) Acidosis
    b) Disionia
    c) Hypernnkia
    d) Exudation
    e) Hyperthermia
A

Exudation

38
Q
  1. Consequences of alteration are all, except:
    a) Tissue damage
    b) Acidosis
    c) Apoptosis
    d) Increased osmotic pressure
    e) Dysonia
A

Apoptosis

39
Q
  1. Basic machanims, which cause exudation are all, except:
    a) Increased permeability of blood vessels
    b) Hyperionia in focus of inflammation
    c) Increased arterial blood pressure (would increase venous pressure)
    d) Changes of filtration in capillary
    e) Disorders of lymph retention
A

Increased arterial blood pressure(would increase venous pressure)

40
Q
  1. The main types of exudates are all, except:
    a) Serous
    b) Catharrhal
    c) Plasmous
    d) Fibrionous
    e) Haemorrhagic
    f) Purulent
A

Plasmous

41
Q

. Inhibition of complement system activation in therapeuticals needs can be realised by:

a) citokines
b) prostaglandins
c) monoclonal antibodies (=Eculizimab)
d) PAF
e) bradikinin
A

Monoclonal antibodies

42
Q
  1. Interferons major functions are:
    a) antiviral
    b) antiproliferative
    c) activate T-lymphocytes
    d) a+b+c
    e) a+b
    f) b+c
A

??? only a) antiviral or a)+b) antiproliferative

43
Q
  1. COX2 inhibitors blocked synthesis of:
    a) prostaglandins
    b) lipoxynes
    c) leukotrienes
    d) cytokines
    e) NO
A

Prostaglandins

44
Q
  1. Glucocorticoids?? directly blocked activity of
    a) COX1
    b) COX2
    c) lipooxigenasi
    d) phospholipase A2
    e) nothing
A

Phospholipase A2

45
Q
  1. In case of inflammation induces synthesis of:
    a) COX1
    b) COX2
    c) lipooxigenasi
    d) phospholipase A2
    e) nothing
A

COX2

46
Q
  1. Pro-resolution mediators of inflammation are all except:
    a) lipoxynes
    b) leukotrienes
    c) protocilins
    d) resolvins ???
A

inget svar

47
Q
  1. In case of SIRS manifestations of CARS activity is:
    (-> compensatory anti-inflammatory response (CARS) = diminish manifestation of inflammation and renew homeostasis of organism + participate in Il-10, MIF-macropaheg migrating inhibiting factor, cholinergic anti-inflammatory reaction, anergy of lymphocytes)
    (-> in case of SIRS observe insufficiency of CARS due to deficiency of normalisation of pro-inflammatory process)
    a) 
    b) 
    c) not changed
    d) SIRS development not depends from CARS activity
A

b (PIL NEDÅT)

48
Q
  1. Important increase of procalcitonin level in blood is typical for:
    (-> Procalcitonin amount correlates with level of pro-inflammatory cytokines)
    a) viral infections
    b) bacterial infections
    c) protozoa infections
    d) not depends from this factors
A

Not depends from this factors

49
Q
  1. For CRP – all is correct, except:
    a) acute phase protein
    b) eliminates products of bacteria’s
    c) synthesized in kidneys
    d) activate alternative way of complement activations
A

Synthesized in kidneys

50
Q
  1. Are correct for physical thermoregulation, except:
    a) regulates heat production
    b) regulates the return of heat
    c) phylogenetic – more new
    d) a+c
    e) a+b
A

Regulates heat production

51
Q
  1. Thyroid hormone level increased can increase heat production after:
    a) 12hours
    b) 1 days
    c) 9 days
    d) 14 days
    e) 30 days
A

14 days

52
Q
  1. Shivering is initiated by imp????
    a) pituitary gland
    b) cortex
    c) hypothalamus
    d) peripheral NS
A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

. Sympathetic NS alpha 3??? adrenoreceptors regulated:
(-> alpha 3-adrenergic = child’s thermogenesis, the brown fat, heat production without shivering.
-> alpha 1-adrenergic = blood flow in skin and in organs
-> cholinergic = sweating, thyroid and adrenal gland production)
a) sweat glands
b) adrenal glands
c) blood vessel tonuss
d) brown fat

A

Brown fat

54
Q
  1. Somatic NS cholinergic receptors induced:
    (-> somatic NS regulates trembling of muscles – cholinergic (segments C6-TH1 of SC)
    -> heat production by shivering)
    a) sweating
    b)  production of tiroxline
    c) shivering
    d) blood vessels tonuss activity
A

Shivering

55
Q
  1. The final mediator, which induces set-point changes in hypothalamus is:
    a) TNF alpha
    b) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
    c) IL-1
    d) IL-6
A

Prostaglandins E2

56
Q
  1. Subfebril fever (C°):
    a) 37-38 °C
    b) 38-39 °C
    c) 39-41 °C
    d) >/= 41
A

37-38

57
Q
  1. Normal carbonic acid bicarbonate buffersystem in blood is:
    a. HCO3/H2CO3 – ¼
    b. HCO3/H2CO3– 1/20
    c. H2CO3 / HCO3 – ¼
    d. H2CO3/HCO3 – 1/20
    e. H2CO3/NAHCO3 – ¼
    f. H2Co3/NaHCO3 – 1/20
A

f

58
Q
  1. H+ pump in the distal tubulum of the kidney:
    a. Produce H+ions
    b. Change the H+ ions with Na and K
    c. Change the H+ ions with NAH2PO4
    d. Change the NH4 ions with H+ ions
    e. Change NH4 ions with Cl- and H+
    f. This pump does not exist.
A

Produce H+ ions

59
Q
  1. Anions of the strong acids are excreted in form of:
    a. Sodium salts
    b. Potassium salts
    c. Ammonium salts
    d. Phosphates
    e. Buffer bases
    f. All answers are wrong
A

Ammonium salts

60
Q
  1. Normal blood SB (mmol/l) is:
    a. 22-26
    b. 24-30
    c. 26-32
    d. 28-36
    e. 30-38
    f. 34-46
A

22-26

61
Q
  1. Central limb of the pathogenesis of respiratory acidosis is:
    a. Hyperventilation
    b. Insuffiency of external ventilation
    c. Hyperthermia ????
    d. Increased production of organic acids
    e. Disturbances of excretion of acid products
    f. Massive loss of gastric juice
A

Insufficiency pf external ventilation

62
Q
  1. Primary changes in the respiratory acidosis is:
    a. Decrease of ph
    b. Decrease of pCO2
    c. Increase of pCO2
    d. Decrease of SB
    e. Increase of SB
    f. Decrease of BE
A

Increase of pCO2

63
Q
  1. Respiratory alkalosis can develop in:
    a. The patient with insuffiency of external ventilation ???
    b. During the general anesthesia
    c. Due to massive loss of gastric juices
    d. During running
    e. A+b+c
    f. B+d
A

The patient with insufficiency of external ventilation

64
Q
  1. About the action of compensatory mechanisms in respiratory alkalosis testifies:
    a. Decrease of pCO2
    b. Increase of pCO2
    c. Decrease of SB ?? Teo sagt c, ich sage a
    d. Increase of SB
A

a & c

65
Q
  1. Causes of metabolic acidosis can be:
    a. Hypoxia
    b. Fever
    c. Long term aspiration of gastric juice
    d. Asthma bronchiale
    e. A+b
    f. C+d
A

Hypoxia

66
Q
  1. Last change in metabolic activity is:
  2. Decrease of SB
  3. Increase of SB
  4. Decrease of pCO2
  5. Increase of pCO2
  6. Decrease of pH
  7. Increase of pH
A

Decrease of pH

67
Q
  1. Aldosteron can cause:
    a) Hypernatiemia and hyperkaliemia
    b) Hyponatriemia and hypokaliemia
    c) Hyponatriemia and hyperkaliema
    d) Hypernatriemia and hypokaliemia
    e) Hypernatriemia and hypochloremia
    f) All answers are wrong
A

Hypernatriema and hypokalemia

68
Q
  1. All is typical for vasopressin, except:
    a) Synthesis in hypothalamus
    b) Hyperosmolarity blood cause the production of vasopressin
    c) Increasing of water reabsorption in the proximal part of the renal tubule
    d) Increasing the facultative reabsorption
    e) Other name – antiddiuretic hormone
    B or c or d???
  2. nicht leserlich
A

Increasing of water reabsorption, in the proximal part of the renal tubule

69
Q
  1. Cause of metabolic alkalosis can be:
    a)gastric juice
    can’t read: answer should be sth likeCaused by an increase in plasma pH due to primary excess in HCO3-
    probably a) .. reabsorbtion of gastric juice?
A

Inget svar

70
Q
  1. About the action of compensatory mechanisms to metabolic alkalosis testifies:
    a) hyperventilation
    b) hypoventilation
    c) increased output of the Na+ with urine
    d) increased reabsorbtion of Na+
    e) a+d
    f) b+c
A

b+c

71
Q
  1. Transmineralization increases the process of:
    a) metabolic acidosis
    b) metabolic alkalosis
    c) respiratory acidosis
    d) respiratory alklalosis
    e) .. depressive psychosis
    f) a+d
A

Metabolic alkalosis

Pathological physiology (4 decks)

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