Part 1

Question 1

Gate pain theory

Answer 1

model for TENS

Question 2

Who developed it?

Answer 2

Melzack & Wall’s Theory (1969’s) and revised in 1983

Question 3

Noxious stimuli

Answer 3

modified both by activity within the spinal cord and by descending influences from the brain

Question 4

feed-forward and feedback loops between

Answer 4

between the CNS & PNS.

Question 5

Substantia gelatinosa in the spinal cord

Answer 5

acts as a “gate” to control access to the pain pathways.

Question 6

ACUTE PAIN

Answer 6

Lasting less than 6 months Most often associated with new inflammatory conditions Unpleasant sensory perceptual, emotional, and mental experience provoked by acute disease or injury with autonomic, psychological, & behavioral responses.

Question 7

RONIC PAIN

Answer 7

Lasting longer than 6 months Persistent pain that lasts beyond the expected time frame for tissue healing For fast healing tissues

Question 8

PHANTOM PAIN

Answer 8

Pain originating from the damaged or amputated body part

Question 9

REFERRED PAIN

Answer 9

Pain felt at a site other than origin Example: pain from the pancreas or stomach which is felt in the back

Question 10

ORGANIC PAIN

Answer 10

Refers to any pain resulting from a disorder, abnormality or chemical imbalance in an organ system, Has a traceable and identifiable distribution specific to an organic system.

Question 11

NON-ORGANIC PAIN –

Answer 11

Has no identifiable physical cause, meaning that it usually stems from psychological factors.

Question 12

VISUAL ANALOGUE SCALE -VAS ADVANTAGES

Answer 12

Easily administered Requires little to no training or equipment

Question 13

DISADVANTAGES

Answer 13

Due the subjectivity of rating pain, one patient may sense pain as more severe than another therefore not a highly reliable, objective tool for measurement.

Question 14

Body Diagram ADVANTAGES

Answer 14

Good reliability Can be scored as organic – in accordance with anatomical patterns of pain Can be scored as non-organic – not in accordance with anatomical pain patterns

Question 15

Body Diagram DISADVANTAGES

Answer 15

More time consuming to fill out Requires patient instruction More difficult to objectively analyze

Question 16

McGill Pain Questionnaire –MPQ) Consists of 3 parts

Answer 16

Body diagram Pain intensity rating List of words used to describe the quality of pain

Question 17

PAIN QUESTIONAIRES ADVANTAGES

Answer 17

Provides a lot of information

Question 18

PAIN QUESTIONAIRES DISADVANTAGES

Answer 18

Lengthy May be culturally inappropriate due to inability to understand the descriptive words

Question 19

Pain Disability Index

Answer 19

self report and Quality of Life

Question 20

DOCUMENTATION OF PAIN ADVANTAGES

Answer 20

Help to determine the impact of the pain on a persons ability to perform normal daily tasks and functions

Question 21

DOCUMENTATION OF PAIN DISADVANTAGES

Answer 21

Can be culturally inappropriate Time consuming to score and administer

Question 22

Anxiety

Answer 22

An emotional state consisting of uneasy feelings of anticipation or dread of a real or imagined danger or uncomfortable situation

Question 23

The 2 main techniques for managing problematic behavior are:

Answer 23

Relationship building Good communication

Question 24

YOU” STATEMENTS

Answer 24

Beginning a statement with “YOU” can make communication difficult & even create a sense of hostility between patient and care-giver

Question 25

I” STATEMENTS

Answer 25

Beginning a statement with “I” helps to diffuse an emotional charged conversation & remove any sense of blame.

Question 26

Active Listening

Answer 26

The active listener is: Empathetic - Listens completely and objectively without jumping to conclusions or assumptions Non-judgmental - Does not interpret Encourages appropriate disclosure

Question 27

Reflection Emotion

Answer 27

Technique 1: Acknowledgement Verbally label the emotion in a way that the patient feels heard & validated Example - It sounds like you are very frustrated, Mr.. Jones.

Question 28

Migraine

Answer 28

extremely bad headache: a recurrent, throbbing, very painful headache, often affecting one side of the head and sometimes accompanied by vomiting or by distinct warning signs, including visual disturbances

Question 29

What is Pelvic floor dysfunction?

Answer 29

Non- neurogenic, uncoordinated behavior of the pelvic floor musculature Muscles of the pelvic floor are weak or tight

Question 30

Clinical Conditions

Answer 30

Urinary incontinence Fecal Incontinence Pelvic organ prolapse Defecatory dysfunction: trouble emptying the bowels Sexual dysfunction Chronic pain (vulvodynia