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MCBM EXAM 2 > PARSA Q's [Intro to Pathology] & [Neoplasia] > Flashcards

PARSA Q's [Intro to Pathology] & [Neoplasia] Flashcards

1
Q

14th-18th century

A

accurate macroscopic (gross) descriptions of disease by Laennec, Hodgkin, Addison and many others

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2
Q

19th century

A

microscopic (cellular) descriptions of lesions

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3
Q

who is father of modern pathology?

A

Ruldoph Virchow

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4
Q

what are the major subspecialties of pathology in medicine?

A

surgical (anatomic) pathology
clinical pathology (lab medicine)
cytopathology
forensic pathology

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5
Q

what is another term for autopsy?

A

necropsy

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6
Q

what does H & E stand for?

A

Hematoxylin & Eosin

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7
Q

what is identified by positive Prussian Blue stain?

A

iron

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8
Q

what concept did Rudolf Virchow put forth?

A

virtually all forms of disease start with molecular or structural alterations in cells

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9
Q

[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] a neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is _____ tissue and _____ in the same excessive manner _____ of the stimuli that caused the change.

A

uncoordinated with that of the normal; persists; after cessation

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10
Q

neoplasia

A

the disease process that results from neoplasm (benign or malignant)

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11
Q

cancer

A

the disease produced by malignant neoplasms

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12
Q

tumor

A

any mass or swelling

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13
Q

what are the 2 basic components of all tumors, benign or malignant?

A

parenchyma & supportive stroma

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14
Q

parenchyma

A

the proliferating neoplastic cells; one of the 2 basic components of all tumors, benign or malignant

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15
Q

supportive stroma

A

connective tissue and blood vessels; one of the 2 basic components of all tumors, benign or malignant

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of supportive stroma?

A

desmoplasia & scirrhous

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17
Q

desmoplasia

A

abundant collagenous stroma

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18
Q

scirrhous

A

dense, fibrous stroma; stony hard

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19
Q

what is identified by the prefix of neoplasms?

A

prefix of a neoplasm identifies the proliferating parenchymal cell-type of the tumor

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20
Q

what is identified by the suffix of neoplasms?

A

suffix of a neoplasm identifies the “prefix” as benign or malignant

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21
Q

what are the origins of proliferating parenchymal cells/tissues?

A

epithelial

mesenchymal

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22
Q

what is the prefix that means striated muscle?

A

rhabdomyo-

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23
Q

what is the prefix that means smooth muscle?

A

leiomyo-

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24
Q

what is the prefix that means endothelium?

A

hemangioendothelio-

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25
Q

what are the prefixes that means vascular?

A

angio-

lymphangio-

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26
Q

what is the prefix that means mesothelium?

A

mesothelio-

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27
Q

what is the prefix that means hematopoietic cells?

A

myeloid-

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28
Q

what is the prefix that means glandular epithelium?

A

adeno-

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29
Q

in general, benign tumors have the suffix ____ to the cell of origin

A

-oma

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30
Q

in general, malignant tumors have the suffix _____ or _____ to the cell of origin

A

-sarcoma; -carcinoma

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31
Q

what is the prefix that means fibroblastic?

A

fibro-

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32
Q

what is the prefix that means squamous cells?

A

papill-

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33
Q

what are the new terminologies that mean malignant tumor of melanocytes?

A

malignant melanoma

melanocytic carcinoma

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34
Q

what is the new terminology that means malignant tumor of liver?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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35
Q

what is the new terminology that means malignant tumor of kidney?

A

renal cell carcinoma

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36
Q

what is the cell tissue of origin for Brenner Tumor?

A

ovary

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37
Q

what its the cell tissue of origin for Burkitt Lymphoma?

A

lymph node

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38
Q

what is the cell tissue of origin for Ewing Sarcoma?

A

bone

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39
Q

what is the cell tissue of origin for Kaposi Sarcoma?

A

blood vessels

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40
Q

what is cell tissue of origin for Krukenberg Tumor?

A

carcinoma of ovary (usually metastatic from stomach)

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41
Q

Krukenberg Tumor is usually metastatic from _____

A

stomach

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42
Q

what is cell tissue of origin for Warthin Tumor?

A

tumor of salivary gland

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43
Q

what is cell tissue of origin for Wilms Tumor?

A

pediatric kidney cancer

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44
Q

what is cell tissue of origin for Hodgkin Disease?

A

lymph node cancer

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45
Q

what is the prefix that means blood vessel?

A

hemangio-

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46
Q

what is the prefix that means lymph vessel?

A

lymphangio-

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47
Q

what is the prefix that means synovium?

A

synovial

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48
Q

what is the prefix that means mesothelium?

A

mesothelio-

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49
Q

what do you call a benign tumor of brain coverings?

A

meningioma

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50
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of brain coverings?

A

invasive meningioma

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51
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of hematopoietic cells?

A

leukemias

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52
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue?

A

lymphomas

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53
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of mesothelium?

A

mesothelioma

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54
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of bone?

A

osteogenic sarcoma

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55
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of stratified squamous? (2)

A

squamous cell carcinoma
OR
epidermoid carcinoma

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56
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of basal cells of skin or adnexa?

A

basal cell carcinoma

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57
Q

what do you call a benign tumor of epithelial lining of glands or ducts? (3)

A

adenoma
papilloma
cystadenoma

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58
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of epithelial lining of glands or ducts? (3)

A

adenocarcinoma
papillary carcinomas
cystadenocarcinoma

59
Q

what do you call a benign tumor of respiratory passages?

A

bronchial adenoma

60
Q

what do you call a benign tumor of renal epithelium?

A

renal tubular adenoma

61
Q

what do you call a benign tumor of liver cells?

A

liver cell adenoma

62
Q

what do you call a benign tumor of urinary tract epithelium (transitional)?

A

transitional cell papilloma

63
Q

what do you call a benign tumor of placental epithelium (trophoblastic)?

A

hydatidiform mole

64
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of testicular epithelium (germ cells)? (2)

A

seminoma

embryonal carcinoma

65
Q

what do you call a benign tumor of melanocytes?

A

nevus

66
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of respiratory passages?

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

67
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of renal epithelium?

A

renal cell carcinoma

68
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of liver cells?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

69
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of urinary tract epithelium (transitional)?

A

transitional cell carcinoma

70
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of placental epithelium (trophoblastic)?

A

choriocarcinoma

71
Q

what do you call a malignant tumor of melanocytes?

A

malignant melanoma

72
Q

what are 2 common features of benign neoplasms?

A

gross appearance

benign micro

73
Q

gross appearance

A

benign tumors are circumscribed and often surrounded by a fibrous capsule, otherwise they have well-defined smooth margins

74
Q

benign micro

A

benign tumors- all are well differentiated. their parenchymal cell component resemble closely the normal cell (normal thyroid gland) in morphology and function.

75
Q

choristoma

A
  • normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations
  • an anomalous heterotopic congenital rest of cells
76
Q

what is the following example of?:

normal pancreatic tissue present in the intestinal mucosa

A

choristoma

77
Q

what its he following example of?:

adrenal cells present in the kidney or elsewhere

A

choristoma

78
Q

papillary

A

finger-like projections

79
Q

papillary cystadenoma

A

papillary patterns that protrude into cystic spaces

80
Q

polyp

A

projection above mucosal or undersurfaces

81
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumors that arise from mesenchymal tissue

82
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumors that arise from epithelia cell origin

83
Q

T/F malignant tumors, most of the time, have capsules

A

FALSE. malignant tumors, most of the time, do NOT have capsules.

84
Q

the margins of malignant neoplasms are _____ due to _____ of malignant cells growing into _____ normal tissue.

A

irregular; “fingers”; adjacent

85
Q

which 3 things are usually present in malignant neoplasms?

A

hemorrhage
necrosis
ulceration

86
Q

what are some characteristic malignant histologic features?

A
  • enlarged nuclei with increased nucleus/cytoplasm
  • hyperchromasia
  • coarsely clumped chromatin
  • prominent nucleoli
  • increased number of mitoses
87
Q

what are some characteristic malignant histologic features?

A
  • enlarged nuclei with increased nucleus/cytoplas
  • hyperchromasia
  • coarsely clumped chromatin
  • prominent nucleoli
  • increased number of mitoses
88
Q

what is the most important criteria of malignancy?

A

metastasis

89
Q

differentiation

A

the extent to which parenchymal cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally

90
Q

anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation

91
Q

benign neoplasm is histologically virtually the same as the cell of tissue of origin. however, because of its _____ it has a unique (_____) uniformity of cell appearance.

A

monoclonality; cell culture-like

92
Q

_____ differentiated (_____-grade) more closely resembles that cell or tissue of origin.

A

well; low

93
Q

_____ differentiated (_____-grade) may have very few features resembling the cell or tissue of origin.

A

poorly; high

94
Q

easy definition of “differentiated”

A

resembling the cell of origin

95
Q

undifferentiated

A

lacking virtually any resemblance to the cell or tissue of origin

96
Q

undifferentiated

A

lacking virtually any resemblance to the cell or tissue of origin

97
Q

pleomorphism

A

variation in size and shape

98
Q

degree of pleomorphsim~

A

~degree of anaplasia/malignancy

99
Q

almost all benign tumors grow as _____, _____ masses and remained ______.

A

expansile, masses; localized

100
Q

INVASIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASM:

A
  • malignant lesions infiltrate, invade and destroy surrounding tissue
  • invasiveness is a reliable feature of malignancy
101
Q

about _____% of newly diagnosed patients with _____ tumors (excluding most _____ cancers) present with metastases

A

30%; solid; skin

102
Q

metastasis: what are the 2 pathways of spread talked about in class?

A

lymphatic spread and hematogenous spread

103
Q

tell me about the lymphatic spread

A

most common

follows the natural routes of drainage

104
Q

tell me about the hematogenous spread

A

venous most common

drain to liver and lung

105
Q

T/F lymphatic spread is more common in sarcomas as the initial metastatic pathway to dissemination.

A

FALSE. lymphatic spread is more common in carcinomas as the initial metastatic pathway to dissemination

106
Q

T/F hematogenous spread is more typical of carcinomas.

A

FALSE. hematogenous spread is more typical of sarcomas

107
Q

hematogenous spread is more typical of sarcomas- ______ most common

A

venous

108
Q

tumors have been traditionally classified as grades I through IV or as low-grade to high-grade with increasing ______

A

anaplasia

109
Q

grading of a cancer is based on the degree of _____ of the tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor as presumed correlates with the tumor’s aggressiveness

A

differentiation

110
Q

the staging of cancers is based on the size of T, N, M. what do T, N, M stand for?

A

T= size of the primary lesion

N= extent of spread to regional lymph nodes

M= presence or absence of distant (blood-borne) metastases

111
Q

which has a greater clinical value, grading or staging of tumors?

A

stanging

112
Q

[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] in colon cancer, the “T” is based on _____ and in lung cancer, it s based on _____

A

level of invasion; size

113
Q

information provided by pathological diagnosis

A 
type of neoplasm
biological behavior
histologic grade
degree of invasion or spread
pathologic stage
114
Q

serologic diagnosis

A

detects cancer cell products in the serum

secreted by cancer cells

antigens released by death of some cancer cells

115
Q

how does the oncogene raw work?

A

it works by causing over expression of GF genes

116
Q

[long answer] MYC (nuclear regulatory TF)

A
  • as with many TFs, it is thought to be involved in carcinogenesis by activating genes that are involved in proliferation
  • however, the range of activities it modulates is very broad and includes histone acetylation, reduced cell adhesion, increased cell motility, increased telomerase activity, increased protein synthesis, decreased proteinase activity, and other changes in cellular metabolism that enable a high rate of cell division.
117
Q

oncogene

A

protooncogene (normal form of the gene) after the effective mutation has occurred with loss of response to inhibitory proteins

118
Q

T/F cancer cells can have mutated FG receptors- that remain active regardless of whether they are stimulated or not.

A

TRUE

119
Q

Erb B1 (aka. Her2/neu) is an important oncogene that causes GF over expression in _____ carcinomas, and in many cancers of the _____, _____, and _____.

A

squamous cell carcinoma; head, neck, and brain.

120
Q

p53

A
  • its a tumor suppressor
  • causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; acts mainly through p21 to cause cell cycle arrest
  • it is required for the G1/S check point
  • main component of the G2/M checkpoint
  • altered in the majority of cancers
121
Q

which cyclins regulate the G1-to-S transition by phosphorylation of the RB protein (pRB)?

A

cyclin D-CDK 4 & 6

122
Q

which cyclins are active in the S phase?

A

cyclin A-CDK2 & 1

123
Q

which cyclin is essential for the G2-to-M transition?

A

cyclin B-CDK1

124
Q

what inhibits CDK 4 & 6?

A

INK4 inhibitors

125
Q

INK4 inhibitors are compose of p_, p_, p_, and p_

A

p15, p16, p18, p19

126
Q

p_, p_, and p_ inhibit all CDKs

A

p21, p27, p57

127
Q

[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] virtually all cancer cells show dysregulation of the _____ checkpoint as a result of mutation in one of the 4 genes that regulate the phosphorylation of _____; theses genes are _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A
  • G1-S checkpoint
  • RB
  • RB1, CDK4, genes encoding cyclin D proteins, and p16
128
Q

mantle cell lymphoma, breast and esophageal cancers are resulted from…

A

cyclin D translocation/amplification

129
Q

breast cancer is resulted from…

A

cyclin D translocation/amplification and cyclin E overexpression

130
Q

glioblastoma, melanoma, and sarcoma are resulted from…

A

CDK4 amplification or point mutation

131
Q

[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] the CDK inhibitors will prevent Rb _____ via inhibition of the CDK_ and CDK_ kinases

A

prevent Rb phosphorylation

CDK4 and CDK2

132
Q

[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] cancer develops when the cell becomes _____ for the mutant allele or, put another way, when the cell loses _____ for the normal RB gene (a condition known as _____, for loss of _____)

A

homozygous
heterozygosity
LOH
heterozygosity

133
Q

promoters

A

agents that do not cause mutation but instead stimulate the division of mutated cells

134
Q

initiator

A

carcinogentic agent

135
Q

an _____ cell is altered (mutated) by being exposed to _____, making it potentially capable of giving rise to a tumor.

A

initiated

initiator

136
Q

initiation causes _____ DNA damage (mutations). it is therefore rapid and _____ and has _____

A

permanent
irreversible
“memory”

137
Q

tumors do not result when the promoting agent is applied (before/after) the initiating agetn

A

before

138
Q

T/F promoters are tumorigenic by themselves

A

FALSE. promoters are NONtumorigenic by themselves

139
Q

the effects of promoters are (reversible/irreversible)

A

reversible

140
Q

T/F grading only applies to malignant neoplasms

A

TRUE

141
Q

tumor markers can help determine a tumor’s

A

origin/diagnosis
behavior
prognosis
response (or lack of) to specific forms of therapy

142
Q

cachexia

A

the state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting

143
Q

it is thought that tumors release _____ that contribute to cachexia

A

cytokines

144
Q

T/F chachexia (the state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting) is due to the cancer stealing all of the nutrients for its own growth so that the rest of the body suffers.

A

FALSE. cachexia is due to the tumors releasing of cytokines

MCBM EXAM 2 (7 decks)

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