PARSA Q's [Intro to Pathology] & [Neoplasia] Flashcards
14th-18th century
accurate macroscopic (gross) descriptions of disease by Laennec, Hodgkin, Addison and many others
19th century
microscopic (cellular) descriptions of lesions
who is father of modern pathology?
Ruldoph Virchow
what are the major subspecialties of pathology in medicine?
surgical (anatomic) pathology
clinical pathology (lab medicine)
cytopathology
forensic pathology
what is another term for autopsy?
necropsy
what does H & E stand for?
Hematoxylin & Eosin
what is identified by positive Prussian Blue stain?
iron
what concept did Rudolf Virchow put forth?
virtually all forms of disease start with molecular or structural alterations in cells
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] a neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is _____ tissue and _____ in the same excessive manner _____ of the stimuli that caused the change.
uncoordinated with that of the normal; persists; after cessation
neoplasia
the disease process that results from neoplasm (benign or malignant)
cancer
the disease produced by malignant neoplasms
tumor
any mass or swelling
what are the 2 basic components of all tumors, benign or malignant?
parenchyma & supportive stroma
parenchyma
the proliferating neoplastic cells; one of the 2 basic components of all tumors, benign or malignant
supportive stroma
connective tissue and blood vessels; one of the 2 basic components of all tumors, benign or malignant
what are the 2 types of supportive stroma?
desmoplasia & scirrhous
desmoplasia
abundant collagenous stroma
scirrhous
dense, fibrous stroma; stony hard
what is identified by the prefix of neoplasms?
prefix of a neoplasm identifies the proliferating parenchymal cell-type of the tumor
what is identified by the suffix of neoplasms?
suffix of a neoplasm identifies the “prefix” as benign or malignant
what are the origins of proliferating parenchymal cells/tissues?
epithelial
mesenchymal
what is the prefix that means striated muscle?
rhabdomyo-
what is the prefix that means smooth muscle?
leiomyo-
what is the prefix that means endothelium?
hemangioendothelio-
what are the prefixes that means vascular?
angio-
lymphangio-
what is the prefix that means mesothelium?
mesothelio-
what is the prefix that means hematopoietic cells?
myeloid-
what is the prefix that means glandular epithelium?
adeno-
in general, benign tumors have the suffix ____ to the cell of origin
-oma
in general, malignant tumors have the suffix _____ or _____ to the cell of origin
-sarcoma; -carcinoma
what is the prefix that means fibroblastic?
fibro-
what is the prefix that means squamous cells?
papill-
what are the new terminologies that mean malignant tumor of melanocytes?
malignant melanoma
melanocytic carcinoma
what is the new terminology that means malignant tumor of liver?
hepatocellular carcinoma
what is the new terminology that means malignant tumor of kidney?
renal cell carcinoma
what is the cell tissue of origin for Brenner Tumor?
ovary
what its the cell tissue of origin for Burkitt Lymphoma?
lymph node
what is the cell tissue of origin for Ewing Sarcoma?
bone
what is the cell tissue of origin for Kaposi Sarcoma?
blood vessels
what is cell tissue of origin for Krukenberg Tumor?
carcinoma of ovary (usually metastatic from stomach)
Krukenberg Tumor is usually metastatic from _____
stomach
what is cell tissue of origin for Warthin Tumor?
tumor of salivary gland
what is cell tissue of origin for Wilms Tumor?
pediatric kidney cancer
what is cell tissue of origin for Hodgkin Disease?
lymph node cancer
what is the prefix that means blood vessel?
hemangio-
what is the prefix that means lymph vessel?
lymphangio-
what is the prefix that means synovium?
synovial
what is the prefix that means mesothelium?
mesothelio-
what do you call a benign tumor of brain coverings?
meningioma
what do you call a malignant tumor of brain coverings?
invasive meningioma
what do you call a malignant tumor of hematopoietic cells?
leukemias
what do you call a malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue?
lymphomas
what do you call a malignant tumor of mesothelium?
mesothelioma
what do you call a malignant tumor of bone?
osteogenic sarcoma
what do you call a malignant tumor of stratified squamous? (2)
squamous cell carcinoma
OR
epidermoid carcinoma
what do you call a malignant tumor of basal cells of skin or adnexa?
basal cell carcinoma
what do you call a benign tumor of epithelial lining of glands or ducts? (3)
adenoma
papilloma
cystadenoma
what do you call a malignant tumor of epithelial lining of glands or ducts? (3)
adenocarcinoma
papillary carcinomas
cystadenocarcinoma
what do you call a benign tumor of respiratory passages?
bronchial adenoma
what do you call a benign tumor of renal epithelium?
renal tubular adenoma
what do you call a benign tumor of liver cells?
liver cell adenoma
what do you call a benign tumor of urinary tract epithelium (transitional)?
transitional cell papilloma
what do you call a benign tumor of placental epithelium (trophoblastic)?
hydatidiform mole
what do you call a malignant tumor of testicular epithelium (germ cells)? (2)
seminoma
embryonal carcinoma
what do you call a benign tumor of melanocytes?
nevus
what do you call a malignant tumor of respiratory passages?
bronchogenic carcinoma
what do you call a malignant tumor of renal epithelium?
renal cell carcinoma
what do you call a malignant tumor of liver cells?
hepatocellular carcinoma
what do you call a malignant tumor of urinary tract epithelium (transitional)?
transitional cell carcinoma
what do you call a malignant tumor of placental epithelium (trophoblastic)?
choriocarcinoma
what do you call a malignant tumor of melanocytes?
malignant melanoma
what are 2 common features of benign neoplasms?
gross appearance
benign micro
gross appearance
benign tumors are circumscribed and often surrounded by a fibrous capsule, otherwise they have well-defined smooth margins
benign micro
benign tumors- all are well differentiated. their parenchymal cell component resemble closely the normal cell (normal thyroid gland) in morphology and function.
choristoma
- normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations
- an anomalous heterotopic congenital rest of cells
what is the following example of?:
normal pancreatic tissue present in the intestinal mucosa
choristoma
what its he following example of?:
adrenal cells present in the kidney or elsewhere
choristoma
papillary
finger-like projections
papillary cystadenoma
papillary patterns that protrude into cystic spaces
polyp
projection above mucosal or undersurfaces
sarcoma
malignant tumors that arise from mesenchymal tissue
carcinoma
malignant tumors that arise from epithelia cell origin
T/F malignant tumors, most of the time, have capsules
FALSE. malignant tumors, most of the time, do NOT have capsules.
the margins of malignant neoplasms are _____ due to _____ of malignant cells growing into _____ normal tissue.
irregular; “fingers”; adjacent
which 3 things are usually present in malignant neoplasms?
hemorrhage
necrosis
ulceration
what are some characteristic malignant histologic features?
- enlarged nuclei with increased nucleus/cytoplasm
- hyperchromasia
- coarsely clumped chromatin
- prominent nucleoli
- increased number of mitoses
what are some characteristic malignant histologic features?
- enlarged nuclei with increased nucleus/cytoplas
- hyperchromasia
- coarsely clumped chromatin
- prominent nucleoli
- increased number of mitoses
what is the most important criteria of malignancy?
metastasis
differentiation
the extent to which parenchymal cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally
anaplasia
lack of differentiation
benign neoplasm is histologically virtually the same as the cell of tissue of origin. however, because of its _____ it has a unique (_____) uniformity of cell appearance.
monoclonality; cell culture-like
_____ differentiated (_____-grade) more closely resembles that cell or tissue of origin.
well; low
_____ differentiated (_____-grade) may have very few features resembling the cell or tissue of origin.
poorly; high
easy definition of “differentiated”
resembling the cell of origin
undifferentiated
lacking virtually any resemblance to the cell or tissue of origin
undifferentiated
lacking virtually any resemblance to the cell or tissue of origin
pleomorphism
variation in size and shape
degree of pleomorphsim~
~degree of anaplasia/malignancy
almost all benign tumors grow as _____, _____ masses and remained ______.
expansile, masses; localized
INVASIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASM:
- malignant lesions infiltrate, invade and destroy surrounding tissue
- invasiveness is a reliable feature of malignancy
about _____% of newly diagnosed patients with _____ tumors (excluding most _____ cancers) present with metastases
30%; solid; skin
metastasis: what are the 2 pathways of spread talked about in class?
lymphatic spread and hematogenous spread
tell me about the lymphatic spread
most common
follows the natural routes of drainage
tell me about the hematogenous spread
venous most common
drain to liver and lung
T/F lymphatic spread is more common in sarcomas as the initial metastatic pathway to dissemination.
FALSE. lymphatic spread is more common in carcinomas as the initial metastatic pathway to dissemination
T/F hematogenous spread is more typical of carcinomas.
FALSE. hematogenous spread is more typical of sarcomas
hematogenous spread is more typical of sarcomas- ______ most common
venous
tumors have been traditionally classified as grades I through IV or as low-grade to high-grade with increasing ______
anaplasia
grading of a cancer is based on the degree of _____ of the tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor as presumed correlates with the tumor’s aggressiveness
differentiation
the staging of cancers is based on the size of T, N, M. what do T, N, M stand for?
T= size of the primary lesion
N= extent of spread to regional lymph nodes
M= presence or absence of distant (blood-borne) metastases
which has a greater clinical value, grading or staging of tumors?
stanging
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] in colon cancer, the “T” is based on _____ and in lung cancer, it s based on _____
level of invasion; size
information provided by pathological diagnosis
type of neoplasm biological behavior histologic grade degree of invasion or spread pathologic stage
serologic diagnosis
detects cancer cell products in the serum
secreted by cancer cells
antigens released by death of some cancer cells
how does the oncogene raw work?
it works by causing over expression of GF genes
[long answer] MYC (nuclear regulatory TF)
- as with many TFs, it is thought to be involved in carcinogenesis by activating genes that are involved in proliferation
- however, the range of activities it modulates is very broad and includes histone acetylation, reduced cell adhesion, increased cell motility, increased telomerase activity, increased protein synthesis, decreased proteinase activity, and other changes in cellular metabolism that enable a high rate of cell division.
oncogene
protooncogene (normal form of the gene) after the effective mutation has occurred with loss of response to inhibitory proteins
T/F cancer cells can have mutated FG receptors- that remain active regardless of whether they are stimulated or not.
TRUE
Erb B1 (aka. Her2/neu) is an important oncogene that causes GF over expression in _____ carcinomas, and in many cancers of the _____, _____, and _____.
squamous cell carcinoma; head, neck, and brain.
p53
- its a tumor suppressor
- causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; acts mainly through p21 to cause cell cycle arrest
- it is required for the G1/S check point
- main component of the G2/M checkpoint
- altered in the majority of cancers
which cyclins regulate the G1-to-S transition by phosphorylation of the RB protein (pRB)?
cyclin D-CDK 4 & 6
which cyclins are active in the S phase?
cyclin A-CDK2 & 1
which cyclin is essential for the G2-to-M transition?
cyclin B-CDK1
what inhibits CDK 4 & 6?
INK4 inhibitors
INK4 inhibitors are compose of p_, p_, p_, and p_
p15, p16, p18, p19
p_, p_, and p_ inhibit all CDKs
p21, p27, p57
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] virtually all cancer cells show dysregulation of the _____ checkpoint as a result of mutation in one of the 4 genes that regulate the phosphorylation of _____; theses genes are _____, _____, _____, and _____.
- G1-S checkpoint
- RB
- RB1, CDK4, genes encoding cyclin D proteins, and p16
mantle cell lymphoma, breast and esophageal cancers are resulted from…
cyclin D translocation/amplification
breast cancer is resulted from…
cyclin D translocation/amplification and cyclin E overexpression
glioblastoma, melanoma, and sarcoma are resulted from…
CDK4 amplification or point mutation
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] the CDK inhibitors will prevent Rb _____ via inhibition of the CDK_ and CDK_ kinases
prevent Rb phosphorylation
CDK4 and CDK2
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] cancer develops when the cell becomes _____ for the mutant allele or, put another way, when the cell loses _____ for the normal RB gene (a condition known as _____, for loss of _____)
homozygous
heterozygosity
LOH
heterozygosity
promoters
agents that do not cause mutation but instead stimulate the division of mutated cells
initiator
carcinogentic agent
an _____ cell is altered (mutated) by being exposed to _____, making it potentially capable of giving rise to a tumor.
initiated
initiator
initiation causes _____ DNA damage (mutations). it is therefore rapid and _____ and has _____
permanent
irreversible
“memory”
tumors do not result when the promoting agent is applied (before/after) the initiating agetn
before
T/F promoters are tumorigenic by themselves
FALSE. promoters are NONtumorigenic by themselves
the effects of promoters are (reversible/irreversible)
reversible
T/F grading only applies to malignant neoplasms
TRUE
tumor markers can help determine a tumor’s
origin/diagnosis
behavior
prognosis
response (or lack of) to specific forms of therapy
cachexia
the state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting
it is thought that tumors release _____ that contribute to cachexia
cytokines
T/F chachexia (the state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting) is due to the cancer stealing all of the nutrients for its own growth so that the rest of the body suffers.
FALSE. cachexia is due to the tumors releasing of cytokines
