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MCBM EXAM 2 > HOVORKA Q's [Connective Tissue, Bone and Cartilage, Nervous Tissue, Muscles] > Flashcards

HOVORKA Q's [Connective Tissue, Bone and Cartilage, Nervous Tissue, Muscles] Flashcards

1
Q

fibril

A

polymerized tropocollagen

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2
Q

fibers

A

groups of fibrils large enough to be seen by microscope

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3
Q

which vitamin is required for hydrolyzation of proline and lysine?

A

vitamin C

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4
Q

what is constitutively secreted from cell as pro collagen?

A

glycoprotein

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5
Q

where do you find tropocollagen?

A

in extracellular matrix

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6
Q

name 5 examples of glycosaminoglycans

A

hyaluronic acid, chondroiten sulfate, heparin sulfate, derma tan sulfate, keratan sulfate

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7
Q

type I collagen chain

A

α1(I)2α2

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8
Q

type II collagen chain

A

α1(II)3

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9
Q

type III collagen chain

A

α1(III)3

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10
Q

where do you find type I collagen?

A

in connective tissue proper & bone

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11
Q

where do you find type II collagen?

A

in cartilage

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12
Q

[HIGH YIELD] which type of collagen forms reticular fibers?

A

type III collagen

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13
Q

what does type IV collagen form?

A

basal lamina

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14
Q

elastin

A

protein with alternating hydrophilic alpha-helical domains and hydrophobic random coil domains, cross-linked within extracellular matrix

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15
Q

fibrilin

A

glycoprotein that forms structural support for the elastic fibers

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16
Q

what makes up elastic fibers?

A

elastin and fibrilin

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17
Q

fibroblast

A

fixed cell; most common cell; produce extracellular matrix

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18
Q

what do you call the cell of dense connective tissue?

A

fibroblast

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19
Q

what are the cells of loose connective tissue?

A

fibroblast, leukocyte, macrophage, adipocyte, mast cell

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20
Q

which connective tissue proper has a lot of ground substance?

A

loose connective tissue

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of loose connective tissue?

A
  • fewer collagen and elastic fibers
  • forms lamina propria
  • supports overlying epithelium
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22
Q

what are the characteristics of regular dense connective tissue?

A
  • collagen fibers in bundles arranged in parallel or orthogonally
  • forms tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
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23
Q

what are the characteristics of irregular dense connective tissue?

A
  • collagen fibers in bundles with random orientation resists stretching
  • forms capsules and submucosae
  • *forms reticular layer of skin
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24
Q

where do you find reticular tissue?

A

in capsules of spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow

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25
Q

what allows water, nutrients, and dissolved gasses to leak out into the interstitial from capillaries?

A

fenestrated endothelium

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26
Q

how are proteins released into tissues during inflammation?

A

through kinin system and complement system

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27
Q

what is the effect of proteins being released into tissue during inflammation?

A

increased sensitivity to pain

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28
Q

particularly which leukocytes are responsible for inflammation?

A

neutrophils and basophils

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29
Q

what is the matrix secreting cell of the connective tissue proper?

A

fibroblast

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30
Q

which cells are present in blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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31
Q

what is the cartilage matrix component?

A

hyaluronic acid (as a component of the ground substance) forms a gelatinous matrix

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32
Q

what type of muscles make up tongue and esophagus?

A

skeletal.

NOTE: remember, some viscera can be made of skeletal muscles

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33
Q

what does somatic mean?

A

voluntary

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34
Q

what does autonomic mean?

A

involuntary

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35
Q

which of the muscles is not striated?

A

smooth

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36
Q

which of the muscles have long nuclei?

A

smooth

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37
Q

skeletal muscle organization from biggest to smallest

A

muscle –> muscle fascicle –> muscle fibre –> myofibrils –> myofilaments

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38
Q

TRUE or FALSE? “one axon branches to innervate all muscle fibers”

A

True

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39
Q

name the connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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40
Q

what does perimysium wrap?

A

fascicle

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41
Q

what does endomysium wrap?

A

muscle fiber

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42
Q

what’s another name for muscle cell?

A

muscle fiber

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43
Q

what does epimysium wrap?

A

muscle

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44
Q

what is endomyseum made up of?

A

reticular fibers

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45
Q

which connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle contains blood vessels and nerves?

A

perimyseum

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46
Q

which of the connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle is thickest?

A

perimyseum

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47
Q

what are the characteristics of myofibrils?

A
  • repeating sarcomeres
  • contractile element of the cell
  • extend the entire length of the muscle fiber
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48
Q

Z dics

A

the borders that separate and link sarcomeres within a skeletal muscle

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49
Q

sarcomere

A

segment between 2 neighboring Z lines

50
Q

I band

A
  • the zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments
  • surrounds the Z disc
51
Q

A band

A

contains the entire length of a single thick filament

52
Q

H zone

A
  • pale region within the A band

- the zone of the thick filaments that is not superimposed by the thin filaments

53
Q

M line

A

inside H zone

54
Q

name the 2 thin filaments

A

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

55
Q

is myosin thick or thin filament?

A

thick

56
Q

how many chains does myosin have?

A

2 heavy (rod and head), 4 light (regulatory)

57
Q

[difficult-long answer] characteristics of skeletal muscle fiber characteristics

A
  • long, multinucleate cell
  • striations
  • peripherally located nuclei, squeezed by the numerous myofibrils
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum around myofibrils
  • -2 T tubules per sarcomere, surrounding myofibrils
  • mitochondria between myofibrils
58
Q

red muscle fiber

A

fast-twitch

59
Q

white muscle fiber

A

slow-twitch

60
Q

[difficult-long answer] cardiac muscle fiber characteristics

A
  • short, mono nucleated cells joined together end to end
  • gap junctions connect neighboring cells
  • intercalated disks
  • centrally located nuclei
  • SR around myofibrils, less organized and less extensive than in skeletal muscle
  • single T tubule per sarcomere
  • mitochondria around nuclei and bw myofibrils
61
Q

[difficult-long answer] smooth muscle fiber characteristics

A

-fusiform, mononucleated cells
-myofilaments arranged around cytoplasmic densities, not in parallel
-gap junctions connect neighboring cells
-centrally located nuclei
SR well developed and in contact with sarcolemma
-no T tubules
-mitochondria around nuclei and bw myofibrils
-capable of cell division

62
Q

which type of muscle fibers is capable of cell division?

A

smooth

63
Q

what is another term for “spongy” when describing a bone?

A

cancellous

64
Q

periosteum

A

surrounds outside of compact bone; continuous with tendon

65
Q

endoosteum

A

lines inner surface of bone facing marrow cavity and aversion canals

66
Q

what is the only place you can find osteoblasts?

A

at the boundary between born and periosteum/endosteum

67
Q

osteoblast

A

secrete boen matrix (uncalcified) –> has extensive rough ER and golgi as a result of its active secretion of matrix

68
Q

osteocyte

A
  • obsteoblasts that have become “trapped” within lacunae of calcified matrix
  • connected to one another by gap junctions via processes that extend through canaliculi for the transport of nutrients and wastes
69
Q

over 1/2 weight of bone is due to _____

A

calcium phosphate crystals

70
Q

what is the organic part of the bone matrix?

A

collage (type I)

71
Q

what is the inorganic part of the bone matrix?

A

calcium phosphate crystals

72
Q

boen matrix is arranged in layers called _____

A

Lamellae

73
Q

collagens that make up the bone matrix

A

glycosaminoglycans

glycoproteins

74
Q

osteon

A

concentric rings of lamellae

75
Q

T/F each concentric lamellae has fibers in opposite orientation.

A

TRUE

76
Q

T/F interstitial lamellae are remnants of older osteons

A

TRUE

77
Q

perichondrium

A

connective tissue associated with cartilage

78
Q

blood vessels in perichondrium support cartilage cells via _____ of nutrients/wastes through the matrix

A

diffusion

79
Q

perichondrium has _____ ability to repair cartilage

A

limited

80
Q

T/F perichondrium is present at articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates

A

FALSE. perichondrium is NOT present at articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates.

81
Q

chondroblast is derived from _____ cells in _____

A

progenetor; perichondrium

82
Q

once chondroblasts become totally surrounded by the matrix, they become _____

A

chondrocytes

83
Q

what type of collagen does the capsular matrix contain?

A

type IV collagen

84
Q

what secretes the territorial matrix?

A

isogenous group

85
Q

where can you find elastic cartilage?

A

in pinna of ear, ear canal, and epiglottis

86
Q

where can you find fibrocartialge?

A

at symphysis joints (pubic symphysis & intervertebral disks)

articular disks

menisci

87
Q

does fibrocartilage have perichondrium?

A

nope; instead, fibroblasts are incorporated within tissue

88
Q

what don’t you see in the cartilage?

A

vasculature

89
Q

T/F bone is highly vascular

A

TRUE

90
Q

T/F nuclei within the internal regions of the brain also contain gray matter.

A

TRUE

91
Q

[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] gray matter occupies the _____ region in the brain and the _____ region in the spinal cord.

A

peripheral; central

92
Q

[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] white matter occupies the _____ region in the brain and the _____ region in the spinal cord.

A

central; peripheral

93
Q

dorsal horns contain _____ neurons

A

sensory

94
Q

ventral horns contain _____ neurons

A

motor

95
Q

meninges are connective tissue of _____

A

CNS

96
Q

what kind of connective tissue is dura mater?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

97
Q

what kind of connective tissue is arachnoid mater?

A

loose connective tissue

98
Q

what kind of connective tissue is pia mater?

A

loose connective tissue

99
Q

perineurium

A

directly surrounds the fascicle

100
Q

epineurium

A
  • surrounds entire nerve
  • dense irregular CT
  • surrounds entire nerves and fills spaces between fascicles
101
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds nerve fiber (axon and its associated myelin)

102
Q

which part of the neuron determine its type?

A

dendrites

103
Q

paracharion

A

cell body of a neuron

104
Q

[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] nissl bodies are regions of rough ER present throughout the soma except at the _____

A

axon hillock

105
Q

T/F bipolar neuron has 1 dendrite and 1 axon

A

TRUE

106
Q

pseudounipolar neuron has peripheral and central process. which process delivers the signal to the central system?

A

the central process

107
Q

most neurons in the body are _____ (which are _____); characterized by multiple _____ coming off its soma

A

multipolar; motorneurons; dendrites

108
Q

T/F psudounipolar neurons are sensory neurons.

A

TRUE

109
Q

T/F bipolar neurons are special sensory neurons

A

TRUE

110
Q

what do satellite cells do?

A

support soma

111
Q

what do satellite cells do that Schwann cells don’t?

A

transfer metabolic wastes from the neuron

112
Q

which parts of the axon have sodium channels?

A

node of rangier

113
Q

what do oligodendrocytes make?

A

mylein

114
Q

astrocytes

A
  • foot processes surround blood vessels
  • provides neurons with nutrients, removes wastes
  • forms blood-brain barrier
115
Q

microglia

A

phagocytose debris in nervous tissue

116
Q

ependymal cells

A 
line ventricles
produce CSF (choroid plexus)
117
Q

what are the 4 CNS support cells?

A

1) oligodendrocytes
2) astrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells

118
Q

chromatolysis

A

degeneration of Nissl bodies

119
Q

bw sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, which is more dense?

A

sympathetic ganglia

120
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A
  • located along dorsal root of spinal nerve
  • contain cell bodies of afferent neurons
  • nuclei are centrally placed
121
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A
  • located along sympathetic chain
  • contain cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons (motor)
  • nuclei are located toward periphery of soma
122
Q

parasympathetic ganglia

A
  • located within wall of viscera
  • contain cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic (motor) neurons
  • nuclei are located toward periphery of soma
  • many ganglia, each with few neurons

MCBM EXAM 2 (7 decks)

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