HOVORKA Q's [Connective Tissue, Bone and Cartilage, Nervous Tissue, Muscles] Flashcards
fibril
polymerized tropocollagen
fibers
groups of fibrils large enough to be seen by microscope
which vitamin is required for hydrolyzation of proline and lysine?
vitamin C
what is constitutively secreted from cell as pro collagen?
glycoprotein
where do you find tropocollagen?
in extracellular matrix
name 5 examples of glycosaminoglycans
hyaluronic acid, chondroiten sulfate, heparin sulfate, derma tan sulfate, keratan sulfate
type I collagen chain
α1(I)2α2
type II collagen chain
α1(II)3
type III collagen chain
α1(III)3
where do you find type I collagen?
in connective tissue proper & bone
where do you find type II collagen?
in cartilage
[HIGH YIELD] which type of collagen forms reticular fibers?
type III collagen
what does type IV collagen form?
basal lamina
elastin
protein with alternating hydrophilic alpha-helical domains and hydrophobic random coil domains, cross-linked within extracellular matrix
fibrilin
glycoprotein that forms structural support for the elastic fibers
what makes up elastic fibers?
elastin and fibrilin
fibroblast
fixed cell; most common cell; produce extracellular matrix
what do you call the cell of dense connective tissue?
fibroblast
what are the cells of loose connective tissue?
fibroblast, leukocyte, macrophage, adipocyte, mast cell
which connective tissue proper has a lot of ground substance?
loose connective tissue
what are the characteristics of loose connective tissue?
- fewer collagen and elastic fibers
- forms lamina propria
- supports overlying epithelium
what are the characteristics of regular dense connective tissue?
- collagen fibers in bundles arranged in parallel or orthogonally
- forms tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
what are the characteristics of irregular dense connective tissue?
- collagen fibers in bundles with random orientation resists stretching
- forms capsules and submucosae
- *forms reticular layer of skin
where do you find reticular tissue?
in capsules of spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow
what allows water, nutrients, and dissolved gasses to leak out into the interstitial from capillaries?
fenestrated endothelium
how are proteins released into tissues during inflammation?
through kinin system and complement system
what is the effect of proteins being released into tissue during inflammation?
increased sensitivity to pain
particularly which leukocytes are responsible for inflammation?
neutrophils and basophils
what is the matrix secreting cell of the connective tissue proper?
fibroblast
which cells are present in blood?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
what is the cartilage matrix component?
hyaluronic acid (as a component of the ground substance) forms a gelatinous matrix
what type of muscles make up tongue and esophagus?
skeletal.
NOTE: remember, some viscera can be made of skeletal muscles
what does somatic mean?
voluntary
what does autonomic mean?
involuntary
which of the muscles is not striated?
smooth
which of the muscles have long nuclei?
smooth
skeletal muscle organization from biggest to smallest
muscle –> muscle fascicle –> muscle fibre –> myofibrils –> myofilaments
TRUE or FALSE? “one axon branches to innervate all muscle fibers”
True
name the connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
what does perimysium wrap?
fascicle
what does endomysium wrap?
muscle fiber
what’s another name for muscle cell?
muscle fiber
what does epimysium wrap?
muscle
what is endomyseum made up of?
reticular fibers
which connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle contains blood vessels and nerves?
perimyseum
which of the connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle is thickest?
perimyseum
what are the characteristics of myofibrils?
- repeating sarcomeres
- contractile element of the cell
- extend the entire length of the muscle fiber
Z dics
the borders that separate and link sarcomeres within a skeletal muscle
sarcomere
segment between 2 neighboring Z lines
I band
- the zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments
- surrounds the Z disc
A band
contains the entire length of a single thick filament
H zone
- pale region within the A band
- the zone of the thick filaments that is not superimposed by the thin filaments
M line
inside H zone
name the 2 thin filaments
actin, tropomyosin, troponin
is myosin thick or thin filament?
thick
how many chains does myosin have?
2 heavy (rod and head), 4 light (regulatory)
[difficult-long answer] characteristics of skeletal muscle fiber characteristics
- long, multinucleate cell
- striations
- peripherally located nuclei, squeezed by the numerous myofibrils
- sarcoplasmic reticulum around myofibrils
- -2 T tubules per sarcomere, surrounding myofibrils
- mitochondria between myofibrils
red muscle fiber
fast-twitch
white muscle fiber
slow-twitch
[difficult-long answer] cardiac muscle fiber characteristics
- short, mono nucleated cells joined together end to end
- gap junctions connect neighboring cells
- intercalated disks
- centrally located nuclei
- SR around myofibrils, less organized and less extensive than in skeletal muscle
- single T tubule per sarcomere
- mitochondria around nuclei and bw myofibrils
[difficult-long answer] smooth muscle fiber characteristics
-fusiform, mononucleated cells
-myofilaments arranged around cytoplasmic densities, not in parallel
-gap junctions connect neighboring cells
-centrally located nuclei
SR well developed and in contact with sarcolemma
-no T tubules
-mitochondria around nuclei and bw myofibrils
-capable of cell division
which type of muscle fibers is capable of cell division?
smooth
what is another term for “spongy” when describing a bone?
cancellous
periosteum
surrounds outside of compact bone; continuous with tendon
endoosteum
lines inner surface of bone facing marrow cavity and aversion canals
what is the only place you can find osteoblasts?
at the boundary between born and periosteum/endosteum
osteoblast
secrete boen matrix (uncalcified) –> has extensive rough ER and golgi as a result of its active secretion of matrix
osteocyte
- obsteoblasts that have become “trapped” within lacunae of calcified matrix
- connected to one another by gap junctions via processes that extend through canaliculi for the transport of nutrients and wastes
over 1/2 weight of bone is due to _____
calcium phosphate crystals
what is the organic part of the bone matrix?
collage (type I)
what is the inorganic part of the bone matrix?
calcium phosphate crystals
boen matrix is arranged in layers called _____
Lamellae
collagens that make up the bone matrix
glycosaminoglycans
glycoproteins
osteon
concentric rings of lamellae
T/F each concentric lamellae has fibers in opposite orientation.
TRUE
T/F interstitial lamellae are remnants of older osteons
TRUE
perichondrium
connective tissue associated with cartilage
blood vessels in perichondrium support cartilage cells via _____ of nutrients/wastes through the matrix
diffusion
perichondrium has _____ ability to repair cartilage
limited
T/F perichondrium is present at articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates
FALSE. perichondrium is NOT present at articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates.
chondroblast is derived from _____ cells in _____
progenetor; perichondrium
once chondroblasts become totally surrounded by the matrix, they become _____
chondrocytes
what type of collagen does the capsular matrix contain?
type IV collagen
what secretes the territorial matrix?
isogenous group
where can you find elastic cartilage?
in pinna of ear, ear canal, and epiglottis
where can you find fibrocartialge?
at symphysis joints (pubic symphysis & intervertebral disks)
articular disks
menisci
does fibrocartilage have perichondrium?
nope; instead, fibroblasts are incorporated within tissue
what don’t you see in the cartilage?
vasculature
T/F bone is highly vascular
TRUE
T/F nuclei within the internal regions of the brain also contain gray matter.
TRUE
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] gray matter occupies the _____ region in the brain and the _____ region in the spinal cord.
peripheral; central
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] white matter occupies the _____ region in the brain and the _____ region in the spinal cord.
central; peripheral
dorsal horns contain _____ neurons
sensory
ventral horns contain _____ neurons
motor
meninges are connective tissue of _____
CNS
what kind of connective tissue is dura mater?
dense irregular connective tissue
what kind of connective tissue is arachnoid mater?
loose connective tissue
what kind of connective tissue is pia mater?
loose connective tissue
perineurium
directly surrounds the fascicle
epineurium
- surrounds entire nerve
- dense irregular CT
- surrounds entire nerves and fills spaces between fascicles
endoneurium
surrounds nerve fiber (axon and its associated myelin)
which part of the neuron determine its type?
dendrites
paracharion
cell body of a neuron
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] nissl bodies are regions of rough ER present throughout the soma except at the _____
axon hillock
T/F bipolar neuron has 1 dendrite and 1 axon
TRUE
pseudounipolar neuron has peripheral and central process. which process delivers the signal to the central system?
the central process
most neurons in the body are _____ (which are _____); characterized by multiple _____ coming off its soma
multipolar; motorneurons; dendrites
T/F psudounipolar neurons are sensory neurons.
TRUE
T/F bipolar neurons are special sensory neurons
TRUE
what do satellite cells do?
support soma
what do satellite cells do that Schwann cells don’t?
transfer metabolic wastes from the neuron
which parts of the axon have sodium channels?
node of rangier
what do oligodendrocytes make?
mylein
astrocytes
- foot processes surround blood vessels
- provides neurons with nutrients, removes wastes
- forms blood-brain barrier
microglia
phagocytose debris in nervous tissue
ependymal cells
line ventricles produce CSF (choroid plexus)
what are the 4 CNS support cells?
1) oligodendrocytes
2) astrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells
chromatolysis
degeneration of Nissl bodies
bw sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, which is more dense?
sympathetic ganglia
dorsal root ganglia
- located along dorsal root of spinal nerve
- contain cell bodies of afferent neurons
- nuclei are centrally placed
sympathetic ganglia
- located along sympathetic chain
- contain cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons (motor)
- nuclei are located toward periphery of soma
parasympathetic ganglia
- located within wall of viscera
- contain cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic (motor) neurons
- nuclei are located toward periphery of soma
- many ganglia, each with few neurons
